نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال هشتم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

Walnut is an important economic and commercial product all over the world. The reflected light spectrum can be one of the key factors in determining the ripening time of the fruit and it depends on the content of the chemical compounds of the fruit and its skin. Crunchyness and easy peeling are the main features that affect the level of satisfaction of walnut consumers. The complexity of the reflectance spectrum of food makes it difficult to analyze them with conventional analytical techniques such as gas chromatography. However, sensory analysis by experts is a costly process and requires trained people who can only work for a relatively short period of time. A near-infrared spectrometer can detect the spectrum of reflected light by estimating its concentration or determining some of its inherent properties.The quality assessment of agricultural products includes two main methods, quality grading systems based on the external characteristics of agricultural products and quality grading systems based on internal quality assessment, which has gained outstanding points in recent years. In the meantime, several methods have been invented so far for the qualitative grading of agricultural products based on the assessment of their internal properties in a non-destructive way, and only some of them have been able to meet the above conditions and have been justified in terms of technical and industrial aspects. To be meanwhile, spectrometry can be highly efficient in determining the quality of cultivars. Spectroscopy is a type of system that has a different structure and approach from other methods (image processing, neural network, etc.) and can perform classification and determination of digit quality.With increasing expectations for food products with high quality and safety standards, the need for accurate, fast and targeted determination of the characteristics of food products is now necessary. Because manual methods do not have automaticcontrol, they are very tiring, difficult and expensive, and they are easily affected by environmental factors. Today, spectroscopic systems are non-destructive and cost-effective and are ideally used for routine inspections and quality assurance in the food industry and related products. This technology allows inspection works to be carried out using wavelength data analysis techniques and is a non-destructive method for measuring quality parameters. In this research, the ripening time of walnuts was investigated using spectrometry and chemometrics methods.

In each treatment period (in total 5 periods were considered and the intervals of periods were determined as one week), unripe walnut samples in addition to ripe samples (in the last period) were taken from one of the orchards around Ardabil (located in Shahrivar village) was prepared, tested and data collected.A spectroradiometer model PS-100 (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, UT, USA) was used to acquire the spectrum of the samples. This spectroradiometer is very small, light, portable, has a single-wavelength sputtering type with a resolution of 1 nm and a linear silicon CCD array detector with 2048 pixels that covers the spectral range of 250-1150 nm (Vis/NIR) well. Also, there is the ability to connect the optical fibre to the PS-100 spectroradiometer and transfer the data to the computer with the purpose of displaying and storing the acquired spectra in the Spectra Wiz software through the USB port. With the aim of creating optimal light in contrast mode measurements, an OPTC (Halogen Light Source) model halogen-tungsten light source, which can be connected to an optical fibre, was used. This light source has three output powers of 10, 20, and 30 watts, which were used in this research. Also, a two-branch optical fibre probe model (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, Utah, USA), which includes 7 parallel optical fibres with a diameter of 400 micrometres, was used in counter-mode measurements. After providing the necessary equipment, the optimal spectroscopic arrangement was designed and implemented in order to facilitate the experiments and minimize the effect of environmental factors during the spectroscopic process, which is shown in Figure 1.

The average absorption spectra of Vis/NIR absorption spectra for different treatments in the range of 680-970 nm are presented in Figure 1.Environmental factors (light and heat) as well as the spectrometer's expression quality cause disturbances in the initial and final wavelengths of the spectra, so some of these wavelengths are removed from the data set. And as it is clear in Figure 1, the samples had an almost similar trend; this may be affected by the colour of the samples. According to Figure 1, there are two distinct peaks for the spectra and it is that the peaks appeared around the wavelength of 680 and 970 nm. It can also be seen in Figure 1 that the amount of absorption of ripe walnuts is higher compared to other periods, which can be due to the difference in the content and texture of the product.Based on the PCA analysis results presented in Figure 2, the first principal component (PC-1) describes 94% and the second principal component (PC-2) describes 5% of the variance of the tested samples. As a result, the first two principal components together express 99% of the data. Considering that it is possible that the degree of correlation between the properties of different samples during the tests, due to various reasons such as technical problems of the equipment, data collection, incorrect sampling, etc., in some samples, inappropriate or so-called outliers.The values of R2 and RMSE for calibration and validation sets of different regression models (PLS) with raw and processed data are presented in Figure 3, which is equal to 0.98. The results show that the spectra are able to detect the ripening time of walnuts with high accuracy. Khodabakhshian et al investigated the potential of visible and infrared spectroscopy to classify the ripening stage and predict the quality traits of pomegranate varieties including SSC and TA. Among the methods of centring, Savitzky-Golay smoothing, median filter, standard normal variable, incremental spread correction (MSC) and differentiation with first derivative and second derivative, the use of incremental spread correction (MSC) has the highest accuracy in identifying pomegranate quality parameters. followed Zhang and colleagues (Zhang et al, 2018) in estimating the SSC of red Fuji apple using near-infrared spectroscopy to reduce noises using the functions of additive scatter correction (MSC) and standard normal distribution (SNV) and reported that the additive scatter correction method (MSC) compared to the standard normal distribution (SNV) will result in a more accurate estimate of the SSC value. Kim et al. estimated the SSC of oriental melon using near-infrared spectroscopy among different pre-processing methods including Savitzky-Golay smoothing, normalization with maximum and minimum, stable normalization, standardization, stable normal variable, distribution Standard normal (SNV) and incremental spread correction (MSC) reported that the best result was obtained with a standard normal distribution (SNV). Although considering the different nature of the samples, measurement methods and equipment, and other conditions affecting the spectral properties of the product, it is better not to compare the data obtained from different researches with each other.

Coordination between the temporal changes of two distant points, which is mainly used for pressure changes, is called remote connection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the variability of temperature and precipitation parameters of Ardabil, Meshginshahr, Sarab and Harris stations from two remote connection models of North Atlantic Oscillation Index and Pacific Decades Index using Pearson torque correlation method and synoptic analysis. For this purpose, data related to the two mentioned indicators were prepared from the Nova site for the period 2009-2018. Also, for this statistical period, data related to temperature and precipitation parameters were obtained from Ardabil Meteorological Department. Then, after standardization of temperature and precipitation, using Pearson correlation method for NAO index, it was found that the temperature of all stations in June, October and February precipitation of Ardabil station had the highest significant direct correlation with 99 and 95% confidence level with this index. The AMO index also showed a direct relationship with the January temperature of Harris station with only 5% probability of error. In order to investigate the effect of these patterns on the studied parameters of NETCDF data, monthly mean sea level pressure, geopotential level of 500 hPa, temperature and rainfall water were obtained from Nova site and synoptic maps were drawn in Gardes software environment. The results showed that when NAO index is in negative phase and AMO index is in hot phase, the dominant system in the studied areas is low thermal pressure and rotational conditions prevail and temperature and rainfall increase and wetting occurs, unlike when NAO index is in phase. The AMO index is positive in the cold phase, with the dominance of high-pressure systems and rotation conditions in the study areas, the temperature and rainfall have decreased and the drought conditions have been determined.

Flood as a natural hazards occurs under the influence of many factors. Heavy rainfall in the upstream basin is one of the causes of floods. Rainfall and discharge simulation is one of the methods that can be used to understand the hydrological behavior of the watershed against different rainfall regimes, which ultimately leads to proper management of water resources and floods. Floods are one of the topics of interest to researchers and one of the most important topics studied in natural disasters around the world. Due to the fact that access to accurate information for flood study is limited in watersheds, hydrological models have been used to estimate flood characteristics and predict the trend of runoff changes, which in many cases has yielded good results. Namin city is one of the flood vulnerable areas in Ardabil province and is hydrologically an area with a rapid hydrological response, which has been selected for the present study in simulating the hourly flood hydrograph. The results can be used in flood analysis due to different rainfalls. The aim of this study was to study the changes in rainfall amount and the effect of its values in different return periods on hourly flood hydrographs in the Namin watershed in Fandoghlou forested area in Ardabil province.

In the present study, Landsat satellite images, ENVI 5.3 software and Google Earth were used to classify the land use map of the study area. Due to the fact that Landsat satellite images are provided to users in the form of geometric correction, several control points were selected from 4 images and their accuracy was evaluated, which was acceptable. For this purpose, in ENVI 5.3 software, green, blue and red bands were combined and then due to errors, the effects of diffusion and atmospheric absorption at the image level, radiometric, geometric and atmospheric corrections were performed on satellite images. The atmospheric correction was performed on the image by FLAASH method. Then, training sample was prepared to classify land use in ENVI5.3 environment from land use classes with the help of visual interpretation, Google Earth, auxiliary slope map, digital model of 12.5 m area. Training samples were taken from land use, forest use, barren land use, agricultural use (irrigated), pasture use, and residential use. Then land use classification was performed using images. For land use classification, the command of minimum distance from the mean and support vector machine was used, which among the methods used, the SVM method had the highest accuracy, and also to increase the classification accuracy of the area slope map using digital elevation model map. The thermal and multi-bands were combined into other bands of the images, and then a comprehensive output was prepared from all of these bands, and the classification was done using the SVM method due to its high accuracy. After land use classification, the accuracy of the classification was evaluated. For this purpose, experimental samples were taken from the land uses in the study area and the overall accuracy and kappa coefficients of the land use classifications were calculated. All classified images had a high accuracy of 98%. Then the design rainfall values in different return periods has been calculated using Cumfreq software and the hourly flood hydrograph is simulated by using Wildcat software. The Wildcat5 model is based on the SCS model, which is a rainfall-runoff simulation model. The required inputs to the model include the following. First, the rainfall characteristics for each year will be determined with different return periods (average rainfall and rainfall distribution). In the following, the parameters related to soil and surface cover of various watershed land uses to calculate excess rainfall (basin runoff) will be determined. For this purpose, curve number (CN) was assigned according to the type of coverage of each user. Then, time parameters were calculated to enter the flow time from the upstream to the watershed outlet and entered the model. The appropriate method for transforming rainfall to effective rainfall and also converting effective rainfall to unit hydrograph were selected based on the curve number method. In this section, factors such as the length of the main stream and the average slope of the watershed were calculated. Then, the area of each land use was determined and in the mentioned section, they were included in the model along with the curved number. Finally, the amount of watershed concentration time was calculated. According to the required inputs, first the maximum 24-hour rainfall during the existing statistical periods was extracted from Namin rain gauge station. According to the aim of this study, which is to investigate the hydrological response of the Namin watershed to changes in rainfall during the return period 2, 5, 15, 25, 50 and 100 using the Wildcat5 hydrological model to investigate the effects of changing rainfall during the return period in the flood hydrograph in the Namin watershed. Cumfreq software was used to estimate the amount of rainfall in different return periods.

According to the results, the rainfall changes in the study area showed that the rainfall values in the return period of 2 years and 100 years were 23.27 and 47.02 mm, respectively. Based on the results of hourly flow simulation, the amount of runoff in the 2-year period was 1.43 mm and the highest amount in the 100-year return period was 7.42 mm. Accordingly, the results showed that the the peak flow rate of the flood hydrograph will be equal to 100.07 cubic meters per second under the rainfall with 100-years return period. According to the results, the increase in discharge from the 2-year to 5-year return period is equal to 20.73 cubic meter per second, which has increased by 111.51 percent. While, with the increase of rainfall from the return period of 50 to 100 years, the amount of increase in flow will be equal to 15.38%.

The results of rainfall-runoff simulation at hourly time scale in the Namin watershed showed that the rate of change in discharge relatively will be more in the lower return periods. According to the simulations performed for maximum rainfall and runoff in Namin watershed in different return periods, it was observed that with increasing rainfall from 2 year return period to 100 years, runoff values and maximum flow intensities will increase. A noteworthy point is the amount of change with increasing return period. Overall, the results showed that the intensity of flow rate increase in the low return period will be more than the return period of more than 50 years. Based on the results of climate forecasts, the intensity of rainfall will increase due to climate change. Therefore, an increase in the intensity of flood events can be expected, which will show the importance of studying the effects of rainfall intensification. Accordingly, it is important to predict the flood-related effects of climate change in the study watershed.

Construction violations are one of the anomalies or problems in cities, especially cities in developing countries, which cannot be easily dealt with and solved in an ineffective management system. The purpose of this research is to investigate the main factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostanabad city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Data collection was operationalized in 5 categories of factors including components (economic, social, physical, managerial and rules and regulations). The basis for collecting the aforementioned data was based on a questionnaire with 23 items, which was distributed among the sample size of 70 people from the statistical community related to experts in the field of urban planning and construction and urban development in Bostan Abad city. In the analysis of the answers given in relation to the items, one-sample T-tests and Pearson's correlation test was used in the SPSS environment. In the phase of extracting and examining the main influencing factors in the occurrence of construction violations, analytical facilities in the Smart Pls environment were also used. According to the findings of the research, among the main factors affecting the incidence of construction violations in Bostanabad city, are lack of awareness of construction rules and regulations among residents, ignoring the needs of citizens in matters related to construction, the cost of construction based on rules and regulations The engineering system is collecting fines as a source of income for the municipality, therefore, based on the results obtained from the investigation of factors affecting the formation of construction violations, city managers in Bostanabad city can control the profiteering of land, localize construction rules and regulations, and create culture. In the field of construction rules and regulations, zoning the city and presenting plans for the expansion of the city, taking into account the income of the residents and the climatic conditions of the city, prevent the uneven development and heterogeneity in the urban body in the city of Bostanabad.

Housing health is one of the most significant factors in improving the quality of life in human societies. Achieving development and progress is possible by paying attention to the health of society people. Therefore, the observance of healthy principles in all aspects of life, including housing, must be considered. This study aimed to investigate the housing health status in rural areas of Bonab County. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the target population was all 29 villages of Bonab County with 14532 households and 47596 people. From this target population, 14 villages with 10322 households and a population of 34197 people chose as a statistical population through systematic random sampling. Data was collected using interviewing, observing, measuring, and completing the standard checklist of environmental and occupational health status. Finally, the collected data were statistically analyzed using version 22 of SPSS software. The results showed that 95.9% of rural dwellings had more than 70 m2, and the area of residential rooms was appropriate to the user population in more than 95% of households. 49.92% of the buildings were made with substandard materials (sun-dried brick 3%, block 27%, and wood 19%). 100% of residents had access to safe drinking water. 100% of residents collected and disposed of domestic wastewater, and solid waste, in a sanitary manner. Also, 100% of livestock households collected and disposed of their animal waste in a sanitary manner. More than 90% of rural households were in good condition and hygienic in terms of various parameters of residential rooms (floor, wall, ceiling, and light). 100% of rural families using natural gas as fuel. The statues of the bathroom and kitchen were healthy in 93.92% and 88% of households, respectively. However, 6.08% of households did not have a kitchen and 1.46% did not have a bathroom inside the house. In general, although most of the housing health indicators in the studied villages were in a good and acceptable condition, but the buildings are not in a good and acceptable condition in terms of the type of building materials and safety and strength.

A large number of biogas plants fed by municipal solid waste (MSW) are installed around the world. However, extensive research is being conducted with the aim of maximizing the performance of the anaerobic digestion process, in order to further compare it with fossil fuels. One of the most important problems of this process and the main obstacle to this transformation is the complex structure of lignocelluloses and the difficulty of its biological transformation. For this purpose, the effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles (NPs) of zero valent iron (ZVI) (50, 70, 90 and 110 ppm ZVI NPs) on maximizing biogas and methane production was evaluated. In this study, the ratio of co-digestion mixing MSW and sewage sludge (SS) was determined from our previous studies as the optimal ratio (MSW: SS: 60:40). The results showed that the highest methane yield was obtained by adding 90 ppm ZVI NPs based on statistical analysis (at least a significant difference using Duncan test) compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). Iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) also led to an 85% increase in cellulose, a 64% decrease in lignin and a 33% decrease in hemicellulose, indicating an increase in biodegradability due to NPs. The highest methane production was obtained at 90 ppm ZVI NPs concentration which increased by 45% compared to the control treatment and the highest reduction of TS and VS in this digester was 31 and 17% compared to the control digester, respectively.

Structural heterogeneity of fruits and vegetables makes it difficult to understand the associated physicochemical changes that occur during drying. Due to its heterogeneous structure, food is one of the most complex types of metamorphic materials. The porosity and hygroscopic nature of fruits and vegetables increase their shrinkage during the drying process, which is a physical process commonly observed during drying. Shrinkage has a significant effect on the mechanical and textural properties of fruits and vegetables. Most importantly, shrinkage is an important factor that has a great impact on drought rate and drought kinetics. Because of these factors, food researchers emphasize that shrinkage should not be ignored when predicting volume and heat transfer during drying. The shrinkage model is better suited to the experimental data during drying than the non-shrinkage model. Food shrinkage depends on several factors such as material properties, mechanical properties, and process status.Knowledge of porosity during drying can also help to accurately predict the transfer phenomenon and quality characteristics. Some researchers have used mathematical equations to predict the porosity of food as a function of moisture content, which can be classified into two categories: (1) theoretical models based on understanding of fundamental physics and the mechanisms involved in pore formation have been established, and (2) experimental models have been developed using parameters in experimental data. Many previous studies on experimental or laboratory shrinkage have predicted porosity as linear, quadratic, and exponential equations. On the other hand, theoretical modeling can provide a better understanding of the shrinkage that occurs simultaneously with heat and volume transfer during drying. However, limited efforts have been made in the theoretical modeling of the contraction of fruits and vegetables, due to the complexity of creating physics-based models. The first porosity model was introduced in the 1950s. Kilpatrick and colleagues proposed a simple model considering the volumetric contraction of fruits and vegetables during drying. Many models in previous research have considered shrinkage to be ideal, during which the reduction of the geometric volume of the product is exactly equal to that of water lost. But in fact, this linear relationship between the decrease in physical volume and the volume of water lost during the drying period is not observed. Cell loss and shrinkage of food tissues occur during the drying process of food. There is a fine distinction between shrinkage and loss, in that shrinkage refers to a reduction in food sample size, but loss indicates irreversible breakdown of cellular and tissue structure. Structural changes at the cellular level occur due to the transfer phenomenon during the dry period. As mentioned earlier, porosity and shrinkage during drying affect the transfer process as well as other quality characteristics. Accurate prediction of porosity and shrinkage helps design an advanced drying system to ensure quality products.Careful examination of theoretical and experimental models of porosity indicates the need for a simple model that can compensate for some of the limitations of theoretical models and use them for drying products and processes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to create a real contraction model with minimal use of experimental coefficients. A simple model considering heat gradient and humidity, glass transfer temperature, and drying time can be a potential way to predict structural changes during drying. Therefore, in this study, a new approach to contraction velocity is introduced. Therefore, paying attention to these parameters in shrinkage rate, process parameters, and material properties are considered in predicting metamorphism during drying. The physical meaning of shrinkage velocity is as follows: The velocity of the outer surface of the specimen during drying.

Apples were selected as the study sample in this study. Apples have high initial porosity and change of porosity during the drying period is very important. Therefore, it is expected that the experimental measurement of porosity changes and confirmation of the proposed model for this sample will be better. Kohn rose apples were prepared from a local supermarket and stored in a refrigerator at 2 ° C. The apples were selected from a box to have the same degree of ripeness. The treatment step was calculated using a liquid refractometer (BPTR-100 V3.0). The average ripeness of apples was 14.20 ± 0.20. The initial moisture content of fresh apples was calculated to be 77 ± 0.50% wb. 10 samples were used to measure the moisture content. Apples were removed from the refrigerator and washed at room temperature for one and a half hours. The skin of the samples was taken and cut into round pieces 10 mm thick and 40 mm in diameter. A hot air dryer with a fan was used. The drying temperature varied from 50 to 65 ° C and airspeed was set at 1 m / s. Particle density was measured using a gas (helium) pycnometer. The density of the mass was measured from the volume of the sample and the weight of the sample so that the sample was first coated with organic solvents to cover the open pores because there were numerous open pores that were large enough to be glass beads. They could have entered them. The density of the same sample was calculated before and after coating. The density of the glass beads was calculated from the weight of the required glass beads. The simulation was performed using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6.0.280 Win / Linux. This software facilitates all stages of the modeling process including geometric structure definition, lattice, physical dimensioning, solving, and displaying results. COMSOL Multiphysics can manage variable properties that are a function of independent variables. A two-dimensional symmetry mode is also provided to facilitate the simulation process. There will be a small amount of 3D effects that can be ignored, and 3D consideration can complicate matters.

The physical quality of dried food depends on the degree of metamorphosis during drying. Shrinkage also has a significant effect on mechanical and textural properties as well as drying speed and kinetics. Accurate prediction of shrinkage can lead to better food quality and optimal drying process design. Food shrinkage depends on several factors including material properties, microstructure, mechanical properties, and process conditions. Experimental models can be created quickly that have a high impact. However, they do not show physical changes in the process. Physics-based models, on the other hand, are used as predictive models not only in food drying but also in other food industries. However, the theoretical model for predicting porosity is a complex one, due to the need for a number of properties that change under drying conditions. In this study, in order to counter the limitations of experimental and theoretical models, a simple shrinkage model based on the shrinkage rate was developed, which considers the main factors affecting porosity. The results show that the proposed model accurately predicts shrinkage and porosity, and this shows that the simulated shrinkage of the apple is related to the experimental results. For example, the porosity of the apple sample simulation is 0.6, which is consistent with laboratory data. The influence of desiccant air temperature and air velocity was also investigated. Studies show that process parameters (including air velocity and temperature) have a significant effect on the final porosity of the dried food. The porosity model proposed in this study requires the least experimental parameters. Future research could use this model to examine other foods because the structure of different foods is different, and this affects the porosity detection mechanism. Different types of process conditions can be used in future research to develop a general model for pore formation.

Land degradation and desertification have emerged as one of the world's most pressing environmental and socio-economic challenges, posing a serious threat to global development. Therefore, it is vital to comprehend the worldwide pattern of this land disaster. Desertification and land degradation are two problems at national, regional, and global scales and fighting them has been a global effort since 1992. More than 75% of Iran's area has arid and semi-arid climate conditions. Therefore, this region has a high sensitivity to land degradation and desertification. In recent decades, natural factors such as climate change and anthropogenic influences have played effective roles in providing proper conditions for land degradation worldwide. Arid ecosystems show different forms of land degradation such as salinization of water and soil resources, wind erosion, vegetation degradation, etc. that contribute to desertification. Early monitoring and identification of land degradation through the application of simple and fast ways to alert people and prevent future threats is one of the key goals of various scientific and political groups worldwide. Due to the important role of identifying sensitive ecosystems to land degradation to reduce its impacts (especially in weak and fragile ecosystems), in this research, in order to identify sensitive ecosystems and determine the type of climate involved in land degradation in Khuzestan province, the statistical rates of land degradation in different climates and ecosystems of the mentioned region were assessed.

Khuzestan province with an area of about 64234 Km2 is located between 47º41ʹ 00ʹ to 50º 31ʹ00ʺ east longitude and 23º 04ʹ 00ʺ to 29º 58ʹ 00 ʺ north latitude in the southwest of Iran on Persian Gulf and Arvand River. This province is the center of Iranian oil extraction industry and Ahvaz city is its capital. This province is part of Persian Gulf coastal plains, hot and dry southern regions, and Gulf vegetation region. The province's average rainfall is estimated to be 150 mm. Although average air humidity in Khuzestan is 50%, the majority of Khuzestan plain is dry and desolate due to minimal rainfall. Rainfall in the province increases from south and southwest to north and northeast. Northeast has the highest rainfall, with an average of 616 to 700 mm, and southwest has the lowest amount, with an average of 125 to 225 mm. Annual average temperature is between 24 and 28 ◦C. Evaporation rate is estimated to be 2000 mm per year. Based on the climatic divisions of Amberje, the province includes extreme hot deserts and hot temperate deserts. In terms of topography, it consists of two mountainous parts in north and northeast and a plain in south. There are 500,000 hectares of forests and 5.2 million hectares of rangelands in Khuzestan province. Rangelands are poor winter rangelands with richer vegetation in mountainous areas. Of overall forests, 10% are of good grade, 30% are scarce, and the remaining is degraded and unusable. FAO-UNEP and NDVI vegetation indices were utilized in this investigation. Because NDVI vegetation index depicts the state of cover, it can be used to study the current state of land degradation as a result of effective elements in degradation (rainfall, soil, land cover, etc.). For this purpose, MODIS vegetation images recorded in the range of 2011 and 2013 were extracted from USGS site and their geometric positions were corrected. Three images obtained in March, April, and May in the mentioned years, which represented the highest production, were selected. Then, to eliminate changes between 2011 and 2013, an image representing the maximum production in the aforementioned three months was generated and the maximum images were averaged. Then, maps of rainfall, land use, and land unit were combined to determine work units in GIS environment. The current production values of NDVIMAX and potential production (NDVIPOTENTIAL) were replaced in FAO-UNEP equation and by determining their values in each unit of work and with the help of FAO-UNEP equation, risk classification of the current situation of land degradation was performed in five classes. Then, using network method, we investigated the extent of degradation in Khuzestan province climates (very arid, arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid) and different ecosystems (desert, rangeland, rainfed, and forest) as determined by Domarten Climate Index (ultra-arid, arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid). The samples were random-systematic with a network size of 5×5 km. To explore the extent of difference in degradation in different climates and ecosystems of Khuzestan province, land degradation, climate, and land use maps and Point maps were integrated into GIS, and maps of each climate and ecosystem were generated independently. Finally, the analysis of variance and Duncan test in SPSS software were applied for statistical analysis of different degradations in various climates and ecosystems.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that land degradation in different climates and ecosystems of study area was significant at the level of 1%. Very arid climate (53.75 %) had the highest risk of land degradation, followed by dry climate (32.53%). In semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid climates, the prevalence of land degradation was in middle-risk category and in terms of land degradation, there were no significant differences among the mentioned climates. The results also showed that desert ecosystems (81.95%) and rangeland ecosystems (49.20%) were in the categories of severe and very severe land degradation, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between forest and rainfed ecosystems in terms of land degradation. Also, the predominance of land degradation in these two ecosystems was related to middle-risk class. In rainfed and forest ecosystems, the percentages of severe and extreme hazard classes were higher than those of no risk and low-risk classes. Finally, it could be said that the reason for more severe land degradation in drier regions of Khuzestan province was related to the conditions of that region because its areas were semi-desert (they have not reached the final level of desert) and did not have the conditions of complete desert areas. Also, given that the rate of land degradation in desert ecosystem was the highest, we were faced with new concepts such as man-made or new deserts. It was hoped that the results of the present study and the application of this method could help managers and relevant officials in identifying ecosystems and climates sensitive to degradation to better plan and manage these areas to prevent further land degradation and desertification.Keywords: Current state of land degradation; Climate; Ecosystem; GIS; MODIS images.

In the field of regional economy, due to the limited resources available, recognizing the economic characteristics and advantages of each region, provides the possibility of better planning to achieve development goals. The economy of a region mainly depends on the strength and weakness of the various economic sectors in it, the dynamics of the industrial structure and the unique factors of the region. The economy of a region usually develops when parts of the region develop over time. Because we are always faced with limited resources in the economy; Knowing the characteristics and economic advantages of each region allows better and smart planning to achieve development goals. Today, however, attention to macro-policies in regional policy-making is accepted as a principle; But this does not mean that what is appropriate at the national level will be useful for all provinces and regions. Failure to pay attention to this point, ie ignoring the talents, abilities and comparative advantages of each region in the field of economic activities, has caused investments not to be commensurate with the potential facilities and capacities, despite the implementation of the program. Of national development, the trend of underdevelopment has continued in some areas, which has caused a gap between different regions of the country in terms of production and employment. Despite having rich natural resources, climatic diversity, abundant water, vast plains, young labor force, abundant tourism capabilities, the northwestern provinces of Iran in recent years have not been able to do as they should and perhaps in proportion to their capabilities. 'S opportunities to gain a fair share of the national economy; So that the share of East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan provinces in GDP in 2018 was 3.4, 2, 0.9 and 0.9 percent, respectively, which is proportional to the capacity of these provinces in creating added value. is not. East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan provinces in 2018 experienced unemployment rates of 10.9, 14.7, 9.3 and 8.5 percent, respectively, which among Zanjan province with 0.9 shares Of the value added, it has an unemployment rate of 8.5 percent, which has had the best performance among other provinces.

The present study is applied research in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive research in terms of information analysis. The required statistical data have been collected from the statistical yearbooks section of the Statistics Center of Iran using the library method. The statistical population of this study is the northwestern provinces (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan) in 2014, 2016 and 2018. The measurement tools of the present study are the basic economy model and spatial coefficient index and the share change model. If the spatial coefficient is greater than one, the province has more production expertise in the activity in question than the whole country, and that activity is considered as a basic activity. If it is equal to one, the production expertise of the province and the country in the desired activity is the same and the province is self-sufficient. If it is less than one, the province has less production expertise in the activity in question than the whole country, and the activity is considered a non-basic activity. Share change model with three elements, total growth of the reference economy (A), relative growth of economic sectors in the total reference economy (B) and the performance of each sector in the province relative to the performance of each sector in the province relative to the performance of the same sector at the reference level (C) The method of change of share is one of the applied methods in regional sciences, which is used to understand the imbalance at the regional level and based on comparing changes at two different levels. It is based on the idea that it evaluates growth differences and inequalities in each region with a larger average level. This difference, which may be positive or negative, indicates a shift or shift in the share of the province's economy in the reference economy.

Research variables:

The variables of this research based on different economic sectors are considered as follows. Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, mining, industry, electricity supply, steam and air conditioning, water supply, waste management, wastewater and treatment activities, buildings, wholesale, retail, vehicle and commodity repair, transportation, warehousing And post, service activities related to accommodation and food, information and communication, service activities related to financial and insurance activities,Real estate, professional and scientific activities, administrative activities and support services,Office of Public Affairs and Urban Services, education, human health and social work activities, arts, entertainment, recreation and other services.

The results show that the share of value added of industry in East Azerbaijan province has increased during the studied years. The sector of professional and scientific activities as a sector in which the province of West Azerbaijan has a comparative advantage has gone up in the studied years. In Ardabil province, the share of agriculture as a sector with comparative advantage has been declining during the years under study. In Zanjan province, the sector with comparative advantage has changed during the studied years. According to the above results, it can be said that provincial officials need to be in accordance with development programs that emphasize the spatial organization and geographical distribution of population and activities, commensurate with the comparative advantages of each region; By identifying the basics and activities that have a comparative advantage, adopt their own strategies and policies that prioritize investment in core and core activities; So that supportive policies to achieve economic growth in the regions to be directed to these activities. Considering that East Azerbaijan province has a comparative advantage in the industrial sector of West Azerbaijan in the field of professional and scientific activities, Ardabil province in the field of agriculture and Zanjan province in the field of agriculture and industry, so it is necessary for provincial officials to pay attention to these sectors. It is necessary for provincial officials in accordance with development plans that emphasize the spatial organization and geographical distribution of population and activities in proportion to the comparative advantages of each region; By identifying the basics and activities that have a comparative advantage, adopt their own strategies and policies that prioritize investment in core and core activities; So that supportive policies to achieve economic growth in the regions are directed to these activities. Considering that East Azerbaijan province has a comparative advantage in the industrial sector of West Azerbaijan in the sector of professional and scientific activities, Ardabil province in the agricultural sector and Zanjan province in the sector of agriculture and industry, so it is necessary for provincial officials to pay attention to these sectors.

Road transportation uses notable amounts of fossil fuels and accounts for a remarkable share of CO2 emissions and other pollutants worldwide. The transportation sector uses nearly 20% to 25 of global energy and is responsible for approximately 25% of global energy-related CO2 emissions, 75% of which is disseminated via road transport. Eco-driving is one of the 40 measures that should contribute to a 60% reduction in emissions of traffic-related pollutants by 2050. Eco-driving technology can be considered as a set of choices and behaviors adopted by drivers in order to energy-saving and environmental protection. This approach is a relatively inexpensive and immediate measure to dramatically reduce fuel consumption and emissions of pollutants. The finding of researches in this field indicate that although the efficiency of car engines has been developed due to recent technological advances and the integration of new types of fuels, but the behavior of drivers has not improved in line with this development. Thus, it is expected to with proper training and information of drivers, this procedure leads to further reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The main factors affecting eco-driving include acceleration/deceleration, driving speed, route select and idling. The present research is a study review in which data were obtained through library studies. The purpose of this study is to review and compare the major factors influencing the implementation of eco-driving technology. Finally, the challenges and future research for eco-driving technology are proposed. Therefore, due to the high price of fuel and the concern of conserving natural resources and energy, eco-driving technology is one of the best and most rational approaches for sustainable development, energy conservation and environmental protection.

In the past decades, industrial activities, application of fertilizer, sewage sluge, landfilling, mining and etc., have caused heavy metals to enter the soil. These processes increase the initial amount of these metals, accumulation or leaching of heavy metals from the soil, which has the potential to contaminate surface and groundwater. Due to the harmful effects of heavy metals on the human and the environment, the assessment of heavy metal pollution is important.Heavy metal pollution assessment is determined using various factors including enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), contamination degree (Cd) and pollution laod index (PLI).There are 27 salt mines in Garmsar city. Of these, 16 mines are active. Salt extracted from these mines are used as one of the food spices. On the other hand, due to mining activities, the soils of this region may be contaminated with heavy metals. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluation of heavy metal in the soil around some Garmsar salt mines using pollution indices.

The study area is Garmsar Sar Darreh region. This area is part of Garmsar plain, which is located in the south of Alborz mountaions. This plain is located between 35 º 5ʹ to 35 º 17ʹ north latitude and 52 º 15ʹ to52 º 35ʹ east longitude. There are 27 salt mines in this area and salt purity of these mines is over 98% , of which 16 mines are active. Seven soil samples were collected from the surface 0-20 cm of soils around some of the active salt mines in the area. Soil samples were air-dried and put through a 2 mm sieve. Acid digestion method was used to determine the concentration of total heavy metals in the soils. For each sample 2 gr of soil was placed in a centrifuge tube and then were extracted using 4 M HNO3 for 12h. Using a Whatman 42 paper the supernatant was filtered and the Atomic absorption Spectrometry (AAS)(Varian, Spectra 220) measured the concentration of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn).Personʹs correlation coefficient analysis, cluster analysis, pollution indices and potential ecological risk were used to evaluate the source and degree of soil pollution. The resultes of this study were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. In this study, Minitab 16.0 Software was used to calculated the person correlation coefficient between variables and cluster analysis was used to investigate the relationship between metals in soil samples.

The concentration of heavy metals at the study points is presented in Table 5. The maximum and minimum values for As were 27.14 and 9.54, for Cd were 1.82 and 0.79, for Cu were 54.11 and 18.35, for Ni were 24.47 and 9.8, for Pb is equal to 30.48 and 19.61, for Zn is equal to 4.92 and 1.47 and for Fe is equal to 25045 and 17024. Comparison of the average concentration of heavy metals in soil samples with the average concentration of heavy metals in the earth's crust (Taylor, 1964) shows that the concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Fe were higher than the values of crust. Also, the average concentration of heavy metals in soil samples was compared with the standard introduced by the Environmental Protection Organization of Iran and the results showed that the concentration ofmetals such as As and Cd in the studied samples exceeded the values provided for soil.The results show that based on the values of EF, the studied soil samples with respect to Cd and Pb in all soils and As in some soil samples were in the range of highly enriched while, Cu, Ni and Zn is classified in range of unenriched. High enrichment indicates anthropogenic origin (mining activity in the area). Also based of Igeo and Muller classification, soil samples with respect to heavy metals were in the range of non-polluted (Igeo<0). The calculated degree of contamination in all soils (except soil sample S1) showed low degree of contamination.The PLI obtained for soil samples is less than one, which indicates the normal and un-contaminated concentration of the studied elements. Based on the values of RI, the studied samples have low to medium environmental risk.To better understand the relationships between the metals, methods can be used to separate homogeneous and similar groups. Cluster analysis is one of these methods. In this analysis, the variables are classified into homogeneous groups so that the variables of each group have the most similarity and the least similarity with the variables of other groups. Variables located in a cluster have the same geochemical behavior or similar origin. According to the obtained cluster diagram, three main groups of metals can be identified (Figure 3). The first group includes the metals Ni, Pb and Cu. In this group, the elements Ni and Pb have the most similarity to form the first cluster, and then Cu is attached to the first cluster. In the second group are the elements As and Zn and the element Cd is in the third group. These results indicate the existence of different sources for the studied elements in soil samples. In other words, the elements that are in a group have the same origin. Correlation coefficients are used to investigate the relationship between metals, variability of geochemical behavior and to determine the probable origin of metals in soil. In this study, a positive and significant correlation between Pb and Ni elements (r = 0.87) was obtained at a statistical level of 5%, which indicates a possible common origin between these elements in the study area. The existence of a high correlation coefficient between the elements indicates the same source of emission of the elements.In general, the result of this study showed that As, Cd and Pb are more important, environmentally. Despite the studies conducted in the last decade, which show that the concentration of heavy metals in the salt samples of active mines in Garmsar region are in range of national standards but it is recommended in addition to the ecological indicators, the heavy metal concentration are periodically examinate in the salt rock of this area.

Landslide is one of the most important geomorphological processes of slopes, which in addition to its significant role in the evolution of slopes, is sometimes considered as a serious hazard. In this regard, the preparation of landslide risk zoning maps is one of the basic strategies to reduce the risks of this phenomenon. In the present study, the risk of landslides in the Nirchai catchment area, located in Ardabil province, was evaluated. The research methodology is based on the Network Analysis Process (ANP) model in the context of GIS. For this purpose, 10 variables affecting the occurrence of landslides including the variables of slope, slope direction, height, slope length, convexity of the surface, geological formations, precipitation, distance from waterway, vegetation and land use were included in the model. The results show that the three variables of slope (weight 0.217), lithology (weight 0.217) and precipitation (weight 0.167) are the most important and, in fact, the main controllers Landslide processes at the surface of Nirchai catchment area are considered. The results of landslide risk zoning also indicate that about 9.8% of the surface of Nirchai basin is in the high risk class and about 19.3% of it is in the high risk class. High-risk and high-risk areas are mainly scattered in the middle parts of Nirchai basin. In this part of the basin, various variables such as suitable slope (especially 20 to 40%), vulnerable geological formations, average altitude, receiving favorable rainfall, high drainage density, etc. have increased the potential for landslides.

Introduction ‎:

The main challenge to global sustainable development is environmental degradation due to ‎increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The ecological footprint index is widely used to ‎measure environmental degradation and represents environmental sustainability. The ‎Ecological Footprint Index is an indicator of environmental sustainability and is the most ‎appropriate indicator for assessing sustainable development - in the sense of meeting ‎current needs without reducing environmental capacity - for future generations in a region. ‎Given the importance of political and economic globalization and its impact on ‎environmental quality, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between ‎economic and political globalization with the index of environmental degradation in Iran. ‎The innovation of this study compared to previous studies is prominent in two dimensions. ‎First, in most studies, the emission of one types of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, is ‎considered as an indicator of environmental degradation, and this shows a small part of the ‎degradation. Therefore, the use of ecological footprint as a measure of environmental ‎degradation is the present study innovation‏.‏

Methodology ‎:

KOF is a comprehensive index of globalization that includes three very important ‎economic, social and political aspects. The economic aspect of globalization index includes ‎trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign investment in stocks (FPI) - buying bonds ‎and stocks of companies in stock exchange transactions and deposit bills in foreign banks - ‎Barriers to trade, such as restrictions and tariffs, include barriers to covert imports, tariffs, ‎international trade taxes, and capital controls on real flows. Therefore, this index, by ‎increasing the volume and variety of exchanges of goods, services and capital flows, etc., ‎has a high power in explaining and reflecting the growth of economic interdependence of ‎countries. Political globalization includes the diversification of embassies in the country, ‎membership in international organizations, ratification of international treaties, as well as ‎participation in UN Security Council missions. Social globalization includes variables that ‎affect personal audiences such as telephone traffic and international tourism, information ‎streams such as the Internet, newspapers, etc.. Importantly, in addition to economic ‎globalization, the index also includes social and political globalization. Therefore, this ‎index is more comprehensive than other indicators used in previous studies. To calculate the ‎KOF index, each of the variables - the variables of economic, social and political ‎globalization - is converted to a number in the range of 1 to 100. The number 100 indicates ‎the highest value and the number 1 indicates the lowest value. The data is converted to ‎percentages of the original distribution, then weights are selected for each subgroup. These ‎weights are calculated for all countries and all years using principal component analysis. ‎Finally, the general index, which is a composite index, is obtained from the weighted sum ‎of these sub-indices. In order to investigate the asymmetric effects of economic ‎globalization on the ecological footprint, the non-linear extended nonlinear regression ‎‎(NARDL) approach was used. The extended NARDL is the extended-interrupt self-‎regression (ARDL) method, with the advantage that the asymmetric effects of the ‎independent variables, that is, the effect of positive and negative changes of the explanatory ‎variables in the short and long run, can not be examined separately. In this regard, ‎ecological footprint, GDP per capita at constant price in year 2010, foreign direct ‎investment, fossil fuel consumption, the effect of economic globalization and the political ‎globalization are considered as explanatory variables. In order to examine the effect of ‎economic globalization and the effect of political globalization, these variables include ‎positive and negative effects. In this study, the data are time series (1995-219) and these ‎data are from three sources: Global Footprint Network to extract ecological footprint data, ‎http://globalization.kof.ethz to extract KOF data and other required data were collected ‎from the World Bank.‎

Conclusion ‎:

In this study, the asymmetric effects of economic and political globalization on the ‎ecological footprint for Iran were investigated in long-run and short-run. The results showed ‎that the negative relationship between ecological footprint and political globalization ‎confirms the hypothesis of global environmental management and shows that political ‎globalization reduces human environmental demand. Based on the results of the research, ‎suggestions are presented as follows.‎Given the direct relationship between ecological footprint and energy consumption, through ‎policies including increased investment in energy saving, energy efficiency projects and ‎investments in Increasing the role of renewable and clean energy sources can reduce energy ‎consumption and consequently the ecological footprint. Therefore, reducing energy ‎subsidies and imposing environmental taxes on illicit uses can be an effective step towards ‎reducing the ecological footprint and increasing the ecological capacity to protect the ‎interests of the future. Given the focus of the ecological footprint on how much people ‎should reduce consumption, increase technology, and improve their behavior to achieve ‎sustainability, adopting environmental protection policies to control and reduce the ‎ecological footprint is essential. In this regard, awareness is needed to reduce the extreme ‎use of ecosystems and the use of efficient technology and control of industrial pollution.‎The results of the long-run relationship showed that the negative shocks of economic ‎globalization in the long run increase the ecological footprint, so it is suggested that the ‎increase in trade liberalization to emphasize the management of its negative effects on the ‎country's environmental capacity as a principle. Therefore, it is necessary for the ‎government to develop business measures and strategies in order to increase environmental ‎protection. The development of trade with a focus on environmental protection can be a ‎useful step in improving the ecological orientation of the country. Therefore, it is ‎recommended that goods that produce more pollutants domestically be imported from ‎abroad. In this case, economic globalization can be a useful step in improving the ‎technology of production and improving the quality of the environment.‎On the other hand, the negative effect of political globalization on the ecological footprint ‎index confirms the hypothesis of global management of environment and shows that ‎political globalization reduces the demand for environment. Therefore, reducing political ‎instability and conflicts in the region is essential to reduce environmental degradation. ‎Political instability and conflict not only weaken economic performance, but also shorten ‎the horizons of economic policymakers, thereby weakening macroeconomic performance ‎and environmental regulation.‎

Impact of climate change is one of the major human challenges in the third millennium, the main source of which is the increase in greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. But how much of this gas will enter the Earth's atmosphere by human societies in the future, and consequently what will happen to the Earth's climate system, is not certain. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic review of climate change in the coming years with the aim of studying regional behaviors and predicting their effects is necessary to provide appropriate and appropriate solutions for decision makers to carry out reliable and coherent planning. Therefore, in order to predict the minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation of Tajan watersheds in the period 2040-2014, first, the efficiency of 14 different models of general atmospheric circulation under two scenarios of 2.5 RCP and 8.5 RCP in 20 meteorological stations was evaluated and then the statistical downscaling of each model was performed by LARS model.

Data set of AOGCM models is accessible through the Data Distribution Center established by the IPCC in 1998. To access data related to the region in the base and future periods, by entering the spatial coordinates of the desired location as well as the required statistical length in the base period (1985-2005) and Future period (2014-2040) were obtained. The Characterize of these models are given in Table 1. Then, to evaluate the efficiency of the models in simulating the temperature and precipitation of the region, the monthly average of the base period from the output of the models was compared with the observed values and the future period. To create a climate change scenario in each AOGCM model, the values of "difference" for temperature and "ratio" for rainfall between the average year in future periods (2040-2014) and the base period (1985-2005) for each cell were obtained from the computational network. Then climate change scenarios in the future period (compared to the base period, separately for different AOGCM models were created under two emission scenarios RCP2.5 and RCP8.5. In this study, the WG-LARS model was used for Downscaling, which is able to produce a series of meteorological data with statistical characteristics similar to the climatic period, which consists of three main parts: calibration, evaluation and meteorological data.

In this research, out of 14 mentioned models, 6 models EC-EARTH, GISS-E2-R, MIROC-ESM, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, MPI-ESM-MR for temperature and 3 models EC-EARTH, GISS-E2 -R, MIROC-ESM was detected for suitable precipitation. The reason for the rejected models was due to the large changes in the monthly temperature of the future period compared to the base period. In all stations except Sari station, Pesharat and Dasht-e Naz, the minimum and maximum annual temperatures will increase in all models under both scenarios. The highest temperature increase is predicted for MIROC-ESM-CHEM model and the lowest temperature increase is predicted by GISS-E2 and EC-EARTH models. The highest annual minimum temperature increase of AOGCM models under scenario 2 was predicted to be 1.4 ° C and under scenario 8 was predicted to be 1.6 ° C at Burma and Sefidchah stations, respectively. The maximum maximum temperature increase under scenarios 8 and 2 will be in Peshart station (2.2 ° C) and Burma station (1.9 ° C), respectively. It is noteworthy that the temperature pattern changes under scenario 8 will be more intense in all stations (Figure 2).Also, due to the fact that the meteorological stations were located at different altitudes, the relationship between the rate of temperature changes and altitude difference was investigated, but no significant correlation was found. As the results show, among the meteorological stations under study, the minimum and maximum temperature changes under both scenarios will be more noticeable in Burma and Sefid Chah stations, which may be due to the geographical location of the stations. These two stations are located in the highland lands of watershed, in the easternmost part of Mazandaran province.The monthly comparison of the average temperature of the AOGCM models and the observational data, in all months, under scenario 2, except September (predicted by the GISS-E2 model) shows the temperature increase. In May, July, then in August and January, the highest temperature increase was observed, and the lowest temperature increase was observed in March, followed by February and September. Also, these comparisons under scenario 8 showed the highest temperature increase in May (2.6 ° C with MIROC-ESM model) and September (2.9 ° C with MIROC-ESM model) and the lowest The increase (0.1 ° C with the EC-EARTH model) will be in March (Figure 3).The results of seasonal precipitation of AOGCM models under both scenarios show that in spring, autumn and winter there will be a decrease in precipitation and in summer an increase in precipitation. Of course, the amount of change varies under each scenario. The highest percentage of rainfall decrease is 28% under scenario 2 in spring and 65% under scenario 8. On the other hand, the highest increase in rainfall in summer under scenarios 2 and 8 is projected at 50 and 7%, respectively. Also, the average annual rainfall under Scenario 8 in the three models EC-EARTH, GISS-E2 and MIROC-ESM for the next time period shows a decreasing trend. It is noteworthy that the precipitation pattern will also change under the effects of climate change, so that the maximum amount of precipitation has changed from winter and autumn to summer under scenarios 2 and 8 (Figure 4).

With the above analyzes, in general, it can be said that one of the most important changes in the Tajan watersheds is the change in the seasonal rainfall pattern and the increase in temperature in the warm seasons. These natural changes will also affect the river flow regime and peak discharge time, intensification of water cycle, change in precipitation characteristics, change in runoff amount and time, occurrence of drought, major floods and change in evapotranspiration rate. Also, Tajan watersheds as the agricultural center of the country are of great importance in the development of the country. Due to the fact that the reduction of river flow coincides with the period of plant growth and water needs of crops in the basin, it can reduce production in the agricultural sector of the basin. Therefore, the findings of this study affect the macro-planning related to the climate of the region, to estimate changes in surface and groundwater resources of the basin, changes in the performance of agricultural and rangeland products and the status of extreme climatic phenomena such as the number And the severity of flood and drought events and timely awareness will be very effective, as in recent years, due to lack of proper forecasting, or a reduction in the severity of natural disasters, we have witnessed an increase in the aforementioned events in the northern provinces of the country. Also, since the thermal regime plays a decisive role in the distribution of plants, the impact of definite changes in temperature, especially the warming of forest ecosystems, will cause changes in the composition of plant communities and their individual distribution. Usually, with increasing altitude every 100 meters, the temperature decreases by one degree Celsius; In particular, environmentally sensitive areas such as Dudangeh, Chahardangeh and Bola National Park are located in the study area, which shows the importance of natural habitats in the study area. Therefore, this research is the basis for many studies in various fields, including the consequences of climate change on water resources, water efficiency, crop yield, impact on irrigation networks, impact on the distribution of plant species in Hyrcanian forests, etc., which can be Manage and reduce climatic consequences to be useful.

Traditional ecological knowledge of Indigenous and local communities in classification of vegetation, habitats and other elements of rangeland ecosystems can be used in natural resources management. The current research aimed at studying the ethnoecology of halophytes in saline and alkaline plains of Turkmen Sahra using traditional knowledge of Turkmen herders. Data collection was done through field walk, semi-structured interviews and community feedback meetings with herders in Incheboron at Golestan Province and questions about the relation between halophytes and their environment were asked. Based on the result, herders referred to 38 plants with local names. According to traditional knowledge of Turkmen herders, land in saline rangelands lies between two ranges of sweet and salty, healthy and unhealthy or good and bad. Herders continued with introducing seven classes of soil naming glassy, Shor (salty), wet, Naor (small basin), hilly, red and black and they stated that specific plant species appear in each of these classes. For instance, nothing grows in the saltiest soil which is glassy soil, however, with the reduction of soil salinity level Shor lands appear where Cheratan [Halocnemum strobilaceum M.B] habitat exists. Considering traditional knowledge of Turkmen herders different plant species appear in rangeland with variation of salinity which is due to the variation of physiography, rainfall and flood. The result of current study show that local communities possess valuable and rich knowledge in describing plants and their habitats. Therefore, this knowledge can be used in rangeland and other natural lands management.

Noise pollution can be found today in most urban and industrial areas of cities, which has many effects on hearing, emotions, psyche and human body, and its high level can cause serious damage to the health of the individual and society. The city of Ardabil is not free from this problem and noise pollution can be seen in the crowded and busy squares and intersections of the city. These squares and intersections have not been studied as they should be and perhaps from the angle of noise pollution in order to pay attention to specific reactions in proportion to the load of noise pollution and the reflection of its effects. Therefore, in the present study, the situation of noise pollution in crowded and busy intersections and intersections of Ardabil city in the distance between Tazeh Maidan and Sarein station has been investigated. According to the issues raised, the present study seeks to answer the question of what is the situation of noise pollution in squares and busy intersections of Ardabil city (fresh distance from the square to Sarein station)?

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The required information has been collected in the form of field studies and the use of questionnaires, interviews, observations and library-documentary studies according to the nature of the problem and the purpose of the research. The statistical population of the study consists of the citizens of Ardabil, which has 525,702 people, of which 382 people were selected as a sample based on the Cochran's formula. In order to increase the accuracy of the work, a total of 420 questionnaires were distributed and completed by stratified random sampling method (70 questionnaires for each of the selected fields). The results of calculating the Cronbach's alpha test for the questionnaire were 0.823, which indicates the high reliability of the research tool.All steps of data processing were performed with Excel and SPSS software and finally to prioritize the studied fields in terms of noise pollution from The COPRAS multi-criteria decision model is used.COPRAS model:Multi-criteria decision models (MCDMs), sometimes called multi-objective decision models and multi-criteria analysis models, are actually a set of methods that allow decision makers to consider A set of criteria (often contradictory) to select, rank, sort, or describe a set of options in the decision-making process .Many models have been proposed for multi-criteria decisions, each of which has advantages and limitations (Poor Taheri, 1392: 37). The most important features of Coopras multi-criteria decision model compared to other multi-criteria decision models can be mentioned as follows:1- It is clear that this model is simpler than other models such as AHP and TOPSIS and requires less time for calculations compared to these methods.2. Coopers can provide a complete ranking of options.3- This model is able to use both quantitative and qualitative criteria to calculate the criteria.4. Coopers has the ability to calculate positive (maximum) and negative (minimum) criteria separately in the evaluation process.5. Another important feature that makes the Coopras decision model superior to other decision models is that it can estimate the degree of importance of each option and show it by percentage to what extent a better option or It is worse and in this respect to make a complete comparison between the options.The following is a calculation of the Coopras model.Step 1: Form the initial matrixAfter determining the weight of the criteria, the decision matrix is formed as the first step of the Coopers model. The decision matrix means that the options are on one side of the matrix and the criteria are on the other.Step 2: Form a collective decision matrix In this step, the respondents' opinions are aggregated using the arithmetic mean.Step 3: Formation of normalized (weighted) matrix To weight the decision matrix, using Equation (1), the values of each option are multiplied by their weight and divided by the sum of the values. Relationship (1): dij = In this formula, qi is the weight of the i index and xij is the value of each option per criterion: Step 4: Calculate the value of positive and negative criteria (Sj- & Sj-) In this step, we calculate the positive sj + criteria using Equation (2) and the negative sj- criteria using Equation (3). A positive or consistent criterion is a criterion that, as its value increases, its desirability increases, but for negative criteria, the desirability decreases as the value increases. After determining the positive and negative criteria, the final value of the positive and negative criteria should be calculated using equations (2) and (3).Relationship (2): Sj+ Relationship (3): Sj- Step 5: Calculate the final value of the options (Q value) In this step, the final value of each option (Q) is calculated. In this section, first 1 is divided by Sj and then according to Equation (4), the value of Q is calculated for each option, in which the value of Q indicates the value and importance of each option in terms of criteria. Step 6: Determine the desirability of the options Finally, using Equation (5), the option with a degree of desirability close to one is the best option. That is, it is enough to divide the number Q among the numbers obtained in the previous step by the maximum Q. The total value of each criterion varies from 0 to 100% and the best and worst option is determined among this range.

In this study, in order to evaluate the situation of noise pollution in busy squares and intersections of Ardabil city, a 5-point Likert scale was used and ranks 1 to 5 were assigned to the answers, score 1 indicates the lowest quality and score 5 indicates The highest quality is the relevant criterion. Thus, the number 3 is considered as the theoretical median of the answers and the average obtained from the noise pollution situation is compared with the number 3. Based on the results of statistical calculations, the highest amount of noise pollution is related to the market with an average (4.476) and the lowest amount of noise pollution is related to Sarein station with an average (3.573). The average of total noise pollution is also higher than the average (3). In the Coopers model, the option that has the best status in terms of criteria is identified with the highest degree of Nj importance, which is equal to 100%; As can be seen in Table 2, Sarein station with Nj 100 has the lowest amount of noise pollution and in the best condition and market intersection with Nj 386/80 has the most noise pollution and in the most unfavorable condition compared to other squares and intersections has been studied. Among the studied variables, the variable related to the amount of noise caused by the activities of businesses and street vendors in the market area has had the greatest impact on increasing the amount of noise pollution at this intersection.

Lordegan phosphate deposites are located in the Amirabad, Shirmardi and Sateh, in the south of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, and in the folded Zagros zone. These areas are include marl and limestone marl pabdeh formations, limestone Kahzdoms formation and shale marl, and gluconite sandstone gurpi formation. Mineralogy studies show, ther are calcite, fluoropatite, dolomite, quartz, muscovite, illite along with gluconite as main minerals. Phosphote was formed often as autogenetic and replacmet as oolite, pelitic, fossil pezodomorhphic and cement.The normalize pattern of rare earth elements with PAAS pattern indicates to poor differentiation of LREE compared to HREE and negative anomalies of Ce and Eu. The Ce anegetive anomaly indicated to reduction condition during phosphate diagenesis.The combination of the field study, petrographic and geochemical data indicates to formed phosphate by the interference of diagenesis, adsorption, degradation of organic matter, oxidation and reduction conditions and the performance of pore water in these area.

Management and planning to organize municipal waste is inevitable and city managers seek to find optimal solutions to improve the existing issues and problems of urban management these include municipal waste management. Amlash city due to the lack of a sanitary landfill and the use of unprincipled methods to bury waste and dump garbage in one of the inner neighborhoods of the city called Kiaznik and adjacent to the river for more than 20 years environmental, cultural and health problems for the city. To manage the high volume of waste produced with high diversity requires a comprehensive program. The quantity and quality of waste in different areas is affected by factors sch as: environmental status, season, income, land use and construction status, social, economic and cultural conditions and eating habits. Reduction of production, waste reuse and recycling, energy extraction from landfills are the main goals of the comprehensive waste management plan. Certainly in the near future, recycling communities will become countries with the healthiest environments and the most powerful economies.The present study to determine the quantity and quality of waste produced in Amlash city in Guilan province in a period of 9 months from july 2019 to march 2020 sampling was performed in seven stations included recreation centers, administrative centers, health centers, commercial centers and three residential areas of the rich, middle- class and marginal. In total, the production waste was examined 36 times in each station. From office, commercial and health stations on weekdays after business hours and for the three residential areas of the affluent, the middle, and the suburbs on the days designated by Amlash municipality organization, which was responsible for collecting waste in these areas before being collected by pakbanan municipality and transferred to a garbage truck waste samples were randomly selected and collected the sampling station was also sampled on weekends. The total amount of waste generated in each studied station was collected and weighed. Samples were randomly selected and the compounds in the samples individually and on the basis of six categories plastic, paper and cardboard, glass, metal, organic materials and others waste was collected and weighed in the waste storage container with a special label. Separation was done manually to determine the components of the waste. The samples were weighed by a scale weighing 45 kg. Data from physical analysis of waste in different months of the year and in different places analyzed using Excel version 2010 and Spss version 26. Shapiro- Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data. To determine the difference between the average production waste in different months of the year and different places for variables that have a normal distribution the one way anova test was used and for variables that have an abnormal distribution the Kruskal- Wallis was used. Tukey test was also used to compare the means for data that had a normal distribution. Depending on the culture of consumption in different communities, the percentage of recyclable materials it is different in municipal waste after analyzing municipal waste, the correct amount can be achieved.Due to the increasing population growth and consequently the increase in consequently the increase in consumption, we will see an increase in the volume of waste produced. Therefore, waste management, especially solid waste, has a special place which require special attention. The results showed that the daily production of solid waste in the city of Amlash is 20 tons, 32% of the waste is recyclable materials, 11% non- recyclable materials and 52% are organic matter. Therefore, 89% of waste can be reduced through recycling and compost. Also, the per capita daily waste production in the city of Amlash is 1.136 kg per person per day. The results show there is a significant difference between plastic, glass, metal, paper and cardboard and other wastes in different months of the year (p<0.05). But there is no significant difference in the amount of organic matter in different months of the year. There is a significant difference in the amount of variables of plastic, glass, paper and cardboard, organic materials and other wastes in different stations (p<0.05). But there is no significant difference in the amount of metal variables in different stations. As a result, Tukey test was used to compare the average between the mentioned components of waste at different times of the year and at different stations. The results for plastic variables show that suburban office and residential stations have a significant difference in the presence of plastic and recreation, health, commercial, affluent and middle- class residential stations do not differ significantly in the presence of plastic. Also, the results obtained from Tukey test for glass variable were determined, health station, commercial station, medium- sized residential station and suburban residential station have a significant difference in the presence of glass. Recreation stations, office and residential stations do not differ significant in the presence of glass. July, August, October, November, December, February and March have significant differences in the presence of glass. The months of September and January are not significantly different in terms of glass. Also showed Tukey test for metal variable in none of the months in which the sampling was done, there was no significant difference in the presence of metal. In fact, recycling and reuse of consumables is one of the principles of increasing productivity in economic systems. If the recycling industry is properly managed it can be as profitable for the economy as the volume of goods produced in the country. In fact, recycling allows without compromising the initial resources and environmental consumption levels remain constant and even increase and this is one of the manifestations of sustainable development. The World Environment Commission, sustainable development is the process of changing resource consumption, directing investment defines the direction of technology development and fundamental change to be compatible with current and future needs. Achieving sustainable development requires simultaneous attention to three dimensions: economic, social and environmental.Organic materials, plastics, paper and cardboard are the three most important types of waste in Amlash which can be used for the purpose of reducing waste and recycling.The results of statistical analysis showed that the weight of dry waste components there is significant difference in the syudied stations and in a different months of the year (p< 0.05). According to the results, the city of Amlash due to its small size and a large average population, quantity and quality of production waste in three residential areas: rich, middle- class and marginal are not much different. Given that most of the components of residential waste are related to organic matter the best economic solution for managing this type of waste is to convent the organic matter in the household waste organic fertilizer for soil improvement as well as the development of agricultural activities in the city of Amlash. Separation from source and recycling are also the most appropriate economic solutions for significant volume management recyclable materials are available in administrative, health and commercial centers. Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a system involving multiple sub- systems that typically require demanding inputs, materials and resources to properly process generated waste throughput. For this reason, MSW management is generally one of the most expensive services provided by municipalities. Eliminating, reusing or reducing waste is the first route to significant cost savings

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), which is also called ground pistachio in Iran, is one of the most important and economical oilseeds in tropical and subtropical regions, which is rich in minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, fiber and compounds. It is phenolic. Peanut production is important for consumption, income generation and improving the food security of smallholder farmers and due to its high quality of oil and protein, it is cultivated in at least 109 countries of the world. In recent years, due to changes in the price of dried fruits, this product has also attracted the attention of the farmers of Maghan Plain (North of Ardabil Province, Iran) and in the crop year of 2019-1400, with the cultivation of more than 10,000 hectares, the amount of production reached 30,000 tons of peanut products in Mughan has been harvested. Previously, Gilan province was in the first place of this product with the cultivation of 2,500 hectares. Despite the fact that about a century has passed since the cultivation of peanuts in Iran, not much research has been done on its sustainable production. One of the critical stages of production of this product is the harvest stage. This stage, while having its own difficulties, is associated with significant losses, which are considered by experts due to its high economic value and direct and indirect adverse environmental effects. In recent years, this product has also been considered by farmers in the Moghan Plain due to the special conditions of the Iranian economy. Peanut harvesting in Moghan is done manually and three machine methods including semi-mechanized, pull type mechanized and self-propeller. Each of these methods has unique features. Therefore, in this study, while evaluating important harvest indicators such as quantitative loss, quality loss, actual field capacity, number of labor required, cost of harvest operations and price of machines required, the best harvesting system using the Multiple Criteria Decision Making Matrix (TOPSIS model) was introduced.

The present research was carried out in Pars Abad, Moghan, in the crop year of 2018-2019, which was cultivated with Astana flower variety and mechanized. The final product was harvested on the 10th of October 2019 with approximately 19% soil moisture. Harvesting options were done randomly and with three repetitions as follows:1- Manual method (A1): Using a V-shaped chisel, the root of the crop was loosened and harvested by human labor. Separation of Almond kernels from Materials Other than Grain (MOG) and cleaning of the final product was done using manual methods using a special sieve.2- Semi-mechanized (A2): In this method, the peanut thresher behind the tractor manufactured by Dezful Machine Company, model PPH70 was used. This device does not have a pick-up platform. Therefore, feeding the device was done by two humanlabours at the same time as the tractor moved forward.3- Pull type mechanized harvesting system (A3): In this method, the peanut harvesting pull type combine machine behind the tractor made by Bacanaklar Company in Turkey was used. This device is equipped with a pick-up platform and does not require human labors.4- Self-propeller system (A4): In this method, a self-propeller combineharvester (special peanut harvesting combine) made in China (Henan Longfei 4HZJ-2500) was used. Due to its self-driving nature, it does not need a tractor.The parameters considered in this research are:1- Quantitative losses (%C1): These losses include the pods dropped on the ground and the pods left on the plant, which were not collected due to the improper operation of the machine harvesting system and the improper operation of the worker in manual harvesting, and are considered among the crop losses.Where: B (kg/m^2) is the weight of the sample (loss) collected inside the fram with dimention 1×1 m^2 and P is the estimated yield of the product (kg/ha).2- Quality loss (%C2): Quality loss is an estimate of the percentage of non-grain material among the pods of the product in the grain tank.Where: Ws is the mass of the sample taken from inside the tank and WMOG is the mass of Material Other than Grain (MOG) in the sample.3- Field capacity (C3) (ha/h): The actual capacity (taking into account the time intervals caused by the operation of the machine and the operator from the moment the machine entered the farm) was calculated as the amount of machine operation basedon the area (A) per time unit (T).4- Number of human labours (C4) (person days per hectare): This index was also calculated by considering the amount of work done by one worker in 8 hours of working day. 5- The final cost of harvesting operations (C5) (million Tomans per hectare): The price index was calculated based on the regional rate of peanut harvesting operations.6- The amount of initial fixed investment including the purchase of related tools and machines (million Tomans) (C6) In order to choose the best harvesting and ranking system, the multi-criteria decision matrix method and TOPSIS model were used.

The results showed that the lowest quantitative loss with C1=10.5% was for the manual method and the highest value C1=20.4% was for the semi-mechanized method. Manual and semi-mechanized harvesting systems had the highest harvest quality index and the lowest non-grain material (approximately 11.5%). Also, self-propeller system with Ca=0.7 ha/h and manual harvesting with Ca=0.0033 ha/h had the highest and lowest actual field capacity, respectively. The manual harvesting method required more labors than other methods and had the highest cost of harvesting operations. The results of using the TOPSIS method also showed that considering all indicators, the pull type mechanized harvesting system with a value of CL* = 0.79 is in the first place of options and manual harvesting is in the last option of this study. Semi-mechanized and self-propeller systems were also ranked second and third, respectively. Despite the fact that the pull type mechanized harvesting system with a value of CL* = 0.79 was ranked first in harvesting systems, but its difference of 0.21 with the ideal option, indicates that to improve this system, a lot of work is needed, including quantitative and qualitative decline should be reduced, which needs to be seriously considered by researchers in this field.

The economic valuation of environmental resources is a step in the direction of controlling and preventing the destruction of places and environmental species. Among environmental resources, forest areas play a very important role in increasing human well-being. On the other hand, forest areas provide products such as fodder and medicinal plants and services such as carbon sequestration, oxygen production, soil and water protection. On the other hand, recreational uses such as walking and mountain climbing are used and they have existential and heritage values. The aim of the current research is to estimate the economic value of recreational services as well as the conservation value and the use value of Birk Forest Park. The necessary information for valuing recreational services has been obtained by completing a two-dimensional double-choice questionnaire online, and the necessary information for consumption values has been obtained by surveying and completing the questionnaire. Probit model has been used to measure people's willingness to pay. Based on the results of the research, about 68% of the surveyed people are willing to pay for the recreational use of the Birak forest area, and the willingness to pay for recreational and conservation use is 8850, respectively. Estimated at 4385 Tomans. The total value of its annual recreational use was estimated at 1397 million Rials. Also, the annual direct and indirect use value of the studied area is equal to 187,247 million rials. The results of the probit model show that the variables of income, education, gender have a positive effect and the variable of age has a negative effect on willingness to pay.

Industrialization can be one of the main causes of environmental pollution increasing, especially petroleum hydrocarbons in the water, air, and soil. Polluted soils in the evaporation ponds are one of the primary sources of pollution in the oil refineries. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove contaminants from contaminated soils, to accumulate them in the roots and to remove them from the stems and leaves, or to decompose these compounds within the plant. Choosing the right plant, especially in soils with low or moderate pollution, plays an important role in the process of phytoremediation. Vetiver is a suitable plant for phytoremediation. In this project, first, soil samples were collected and the survival and resistance of vetiver were investigated. After that, executive works started in the Dalan area, including planting plants in the area, installing a reservoir, installing a drip irrigation system, sampling contaminated and non-contaminated soils in the area, and sampling the soil adjacent to the plant roots and measuring the amount of Petroleum hydrocarbons. The vetiver plant can grow and survive in oil-polluted soils. After a year of phytoremediation effect, the Vetiver plant reduced the amount of total petroleum hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons by about six times and nine times, respectively. Further phytoremediation treatment with vetiver root (soil rhizosphere near the root) could further reduce the amount of total petroleum hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Today, the discussion of social justice is at the center of urban studies in all related fields. Also, the realization of social justice in cities ultimately leads to citizens' satisfaction with their way of life and contributes significantly to political stability and national authority.In this regard, from a geographical point of view, social justice of the city is synonymous with equitable spatial distribution of facilities and resources between different areas of the city or different areas of an urban area and equal access to all of them because their lack of equitable equitable distribution of social crises and complex problems. Space will result. In this regard, the beginning of social justice is rooted in spatial and environmental justice. Given that urban services are considered as a type of public goods that are correctly estimated and located in the field of urban management, so it can not be deprived of part of urban society. Spatial justice is the equitable distribution of urban services and facilities in order to achieve a balanced society and one of the approaches to social justice. Lack of proper distribution of services will cause the loss of justice and increase citizens' dissatisfaction with their place of residence and city managers. Therefore, over the past decades with the increasing growth of urbanization in the world; Cities in developing countries, including Iran, have faced service imbalances and population disparities and unstable urban growth; Thus, the resulting instability is manifested in the form of spatial and social imbalances and with manifestations such as deprivation of citizens from urban services and facilities, increasing class gap and intensifying the differences between the north and south of the city, etc. Therefore, according to the concepts of spatial and social justice and to achieve these goals; Eliminating social and economic inequalities, reducing the vulnerability of low-income groups, optimal distribution of services and facilities, paying attention to the basic needs of citizens in cities is a vital and inevitable issue. Urban land use is one of the cases that increase the public interest by responding to the needs of the population by its optimal functioning; It plays an important role in this field. The negative effects of inadequate land allocation such as environmental degradation, social and economic segregation (injustice) and the dispersion of urban growth all emphasize the need to pay attention to sustainability in the land use planning and allocation process. Sustainable land use allocation has various social, economic and environmental dimensions, one of the most important components of its social dimension is the concept of justice.Achieving spatial justice in the distribution of urban services, for the fair allocation of social costs and equal use of environmental capacity, is one of the goals of urban planners.Therefore, the conscious action of urban management in the spatial distribution of social benefits to reduce spatial inequality and improve physical environmental quality and improve quality of life and achieve urban sustainability requires an analytical understanding of the current situation in which inequalities seek to allocate resources with the most desirable combination.With this description, the main essence of spatial justice in urban land use is justice in the spatial distribution and allocation of land uses. In this regard, urban uses and services are among the effective and useful factors that can establish the dimensions of spatial justice.The city of Tabriz is currently undergoing a rapidly increasing urbanization process. According to the latest studies of demographic changes in this city, the population of this city has always been increasing during the years 1335 to 1399. Therefore, according to the mission of urban planning, which is to provide and increase the welfare of citizens through a better, more favorable, healthier, more effective and more pleasant environment.The grounds for achieving this goal must be provided. Therefore, one of these goals is to observe spatial justice in the distribution of various urban uses in areas and neighborhoods for quick and easy access by citizens, which can be in the field of citizen participation, sustainable development of neighborhoods, increase social security, reduce costs. کا Transportation and… reduced and provided hope to stay in different areas of Tabriz metropolis.One of the new approaches in the field of reform and development of the concept of urban development is spatial justice, which emphasizes that various urban programs, in addition to paying attention to physical and functional goals, must also meet the psychological and qualitative needs of citizens in urban living be accountable. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze spatial justice in the distribution of land use in the neighborhoods of Tabriz. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The research area is the city of Tabriz. To collect the required data and information, library studies, especially the comprehensive and detailed plan of the city of Tabriz (approved in 2012) were used. The nearest neighborhood distance model and spatial coefficient (LQ) model were used to analyze data and information and answer research questions. The results showed that, in general, all surveyed land uses in Tabriz metropolis are often clustered and more scattered in the city center and citizens have to spend a lot of time and money to receive services, and spatial justice has not been observed in the distribution of land uses. In terms of per capita use, region 9 with the highest per capita (4.4102 per capita) is in the first place and region 10 with the lowest per capita (5.52) are in the last and tenth ranks and indicates an unbalanced distribution of land uses in Region 9. The results of spatial coefficient also showed that region 8 with the value of spatial coefficient is 47.98 in the rank of 1 and region 9 with the spatial coefficient of 8.25 is in the tenth rank in terms of spatial coefficient and it has a more unbalanced distribution of land uses than other areas, and spatial justice is much less in this area.

Like it or not, we live in a society full of disposable products, and it's not just paper products and fast food containers that we throw away. We use televisions, computers, mobile phones, clothes and other products until something better comes along and then we throw them away. The earth is full of garbage that we create everywhere (Solomon, 2012). Therefore, the increase in the amount of waste along with the lack of space to empty it has polluted all the cities of Iran and the world (Kordi, et al., 2008). But what if people could find someone to take their old junk off their hands? Or what if people can find a needed sex that someone else has thrown away? It is better to know that Freecycle responds to this need. This website was created as a recycling concept, to reduce the pressure on the earth and reduce the generation of consumer waste. This site, which uses a forum structure, works well because of its simplicity. This site connects people who have items to throw away with people who need them and vice versa. Since the start of this site in Tucson, Arizona in 2003, today there are millions of members who have formed thousands of user communities in more than 75 countries. They say that they change the world with their every gift. This site is one of the most popular non-profit sites in cyberspace, and this reputation has been achieved within a few short years, without using any advertising other than word of mouth or free advertising. Anyone can join this 24/7 virtual garage sale and membership is free. In fact, the basic rule of Freecycle is that you can only give things away for free. Sellers and receivers contact each other via email and then arrange to send or receive in person. The founder of the site estimates that an average item on the Freecycle site weighs about one pound, which means that Freecycle's daily movement prevents 300 tons of waste. Therefore, Freecycle has created another cycling option that is growing rapidly and can also affect the buying habits of consumers (Solomon, 2012). Therefore, the present researchers decided that due to the large volume of waste in Iran and the lack of waste management and the principled and engineering method of waste disposal in all regions of the country, and as a result, serious damage to the environment and the health of people who live in the waste dumping areas. , examine the challenges facing the flow of "free-cycling" in Iran, as a method of recycling second-hand goods that can be used in various matters, in order to reduce the amount of waste. Because free-cycling is the previous and the first step in relation to waste and is the so-called prerequisite for the rest of the methods (separation, burial, burning, etc.); Because the amount of existing waste should be reduced first, and then destruction or recycling engineering methods should be used for the amount of waste created.

The current research is a qualitative type of research, in which, using in-depth interviews in WhatsApp and content analysis approach, the basic issues and challenges facing free cycling in Iran, from the point of view of 4 marketing experts and also 3 environmental experts, were analyzed. Along with the theoretical review of the findings of the researchers and the opinion of the freecyclists of the countries that are active in the freecycle course, they were found.

The findings in five main areas include "1. Issues related to the structure of Freecycle (including: Freecycle rules, the support provided by Freecycle, the uses of items donated in Freecycle); 2. supports that are better or necessary from the government, companies and organizations and product designers; 3. Issues related to free cycle users or free cyclers (including: motivations and behavior of gift givers and gift recipients); 4. Challenges related to people in the society (their point of view towards free-cycle and participation in it, culture-building of free-cycle); 5. Free cycle effects (including: environmental effects and social effects)" were categorized.

Nowadays, it is not enough to imagine that products have only one owner in their whole life and then they go away and become waste and disappear; On the other hand, because without considering the key and fundamental role of urban waste producers, i.e. citizens, all solutions will fail, and without their participation, there will be no change in the amount of waste produced daily; Following such a problem, in recent years, with the participation of citizens, efforts have been made to manage waste, and measures such as collecting wet and dry waste in separate bins, clean neighborhood plan, collection program Smart collection of waste and other such cases have been implemented, and according to the experts interviewed in this research, while achieving relative success, they have also faced major failures, and the reason for them, in addition to the lack of correct science and knowledge, lack of investment from the government; Because they believed that, for example, in all provinces and cities of Iran, there are no waste recycling factories and equipment, and there are no engineering methods for burial and disposal, and there are not enough facilities to transfer waste from all parts of the country to places with existing equipment. There is no, or in some areas, a garbage truck transports wet and dry garbage at the same time, and practically, the separation of wet and dry garbage has been useless, and the environmental damage is still strong. In this regard, considering that the basic rule and law of Freecycle is that the providers offer their goods only for free to the receivers and in no way have the right to sell and earn profit from them or even They do not have barter; on the other hand, the receivers must really need the goods and not intend to sell or abuse them. Therefore, the providers should be able to donate their extra items to others with different motivations and non-economic goals and without obtaining financial profit, and the receivers should not have the intention of abusing and demand the received goods only to satisfy their needs. Of course, if Be careful in the interactions of the Iranian society, the act of free cycling and donating goods and even financial aid has existed informally in Iran since the beginning, and members of the society often donate their second-hand goods or new goods to others (generally relatives). or acquaintances, but the main purpose of Free Cycle is to prevent some people from buying goods (on the one hand), and throwing away the same goods used by some people (on the other hand), by connecting these two group of people to each other, whether the recipient has purchasing power or not; Of course, gift givers usually choose the recipient of their goods based on various criteria and usually try to choose the person who needs the goods most and most vitally among the applicants. In addition, it is necessary that the government, while officially accepting Freecycle, by setting special tariffs for the transfer of items that need to be sent and received in absentia and through mail, as well as programs to encourage people in the community to join Freecycle, and Of course, technical and financial support for the website and its networks, participate in this movement. Finally, due to the fact that Iran is one of the Islamic countries and in its religious teachings, the virtue of forgiveness and gifts is highly recommended, and its people are also in different and sensitive crises and situations (such as floods, earthquakes, etc.), the desire They have proven themselves to help their fellow citizens, so it is expected that Freecycle will be well received.

Soil is the main source of organic and mineral substances in the earth and the natural environment for the growth and development of plants, and in addition, it is an important platform for other developmental activities. Heavy metals are a group of metals that are highly toxic to the health of human societies and the environment. Heavy metals can be said to exist naturally in the soil because they are brought into the dry environment by geological processes such as volcanoes, erosion of underground materials, etc. Heavy metals accumulate in soil and plants at different times and can have a negative effect on the physiological activities of plants (such as photosynthesis, gas exchange and absorption of nutrients), plant growth and its yield. Heavy metals accumulate in soil and plants at different times and can have a negative effect on the physiological activities of plants. Lead, arsenic and cadmium are examples of heavy metals. This substance is one of the metals that exist in nature in a very large amount. Lead is known as a potential poison of the nervous system due to its major effect on different parts of the central nervous system. Arsenic is one of the heavy metals that has a high level of toxicity, this metal leads to disorders such as blood circulation, nervous system, acute poisoning and death. Heavy metals are a group of metals that are highly toxic to the health of human societies and the environment The biological availability of the total amount of heavy metals as well as the man-made amount of these metals gives information about environmental pollution, but what is more worrying is the amount of metals that enter the food cycle and body of organisms, especially humans, through water, soil and sediment.. Although these metals exist naturally in different environments, but various natural and anthropogenic factors lead to their excessive increase in air, water and soil environments all over the world. The industrialization of cities, the increase in traffic in metropolises, etc. are among the effective factors in increasing the amount of pollution from different sources. Metropolises such as Mashhad located in Razavi Khorasan province are among the cities that face high levels of pollution due to various reasons such as high traffic. In this research, the heavy metals cadmium, lead and arsenic were measured in the root organs, stems and petals of the rose ornamental plant, as well as the soil, in 4 high-traffic square of Zed, Taghi Abad, Flake Ab and enghelab.

The statistical population of selected soil and plants was selected from 4 high-traffic squares of Mashhad city and Shahid station in low-traffic areas. Sampling was done in compound form and by plastic shovel. The soil samples were dried in the open air and after 24 hours at 40 degrees Celsius and passed through a 63 micron sieve and used for complete analysis and chemical separation. For Preparation of plant samples, the samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory after harvesting. First, they were washed with ordinary water, then they were washed with 0.1 M Hcl or some ordinary detergents (dishwashing liquid), then they were drained again with ordinary water and distilled water. After drying in air in an oven at 70°C for 48 hours, the samples were then ground. The amount of heavy metals was measured with an atomic absorption device.

The results of the investigations showed that among the 4 high-traffic squares, Falakeh Ab Square, Enghelab Square, Zed Square, and Dr. Ali Shariati Square, also known as Taghiabad Square in Mashhad, the soil of Enghelab Square has the highest amount of lead, and the soil of Taghiabad Square has the lowest amount of lead. Considering that the control sample was taken from the soil of the plains around Mashhad, the contamination was much lower. Soil lead has a traffic origin and is caused by car fuel, with the removal of lead from fuel, its amount has decreased significantly, but it is still accumulated in the soil. The results of the investigations showed that among the 4 high-traffic squares, Falakeh Ab Square, El Enghelab Square, Zed Square, and Dr. Ali Shariati Square, that is, Taghi Abad Square had the highest amount of lead accumulation in the stem of rose plants, and seen that lead accumulation in Enghelab Square, and the lowest is in Taghi Square. In the case of cadmium metal, the highest accumulation is related to Zed Square and the lowest is related to the roses of Taqi Abad Square. The highest accumulation of the heavy metal arsenic is related to the roses of Falakeh Ab and the lowest is related to the roses of the Revolution Square. The results of the investigations showed that among the 4 high-traffic squares of Falakeh Ab Square Enghelab Square, Zed Square and Dr. Ali Shariati Square, that is, Taghi Abad Square, Mashhad, the highest concentration of lead is related to rose petals in Enghelab Square, and the lowest is related to the rose petals of Taghi Abad.The results showed that the highest concentration of these metals after the soil is in the root of the rose plant. Transfer coefficient is the ability to move a heavy metal from one environment to another environment. The transfer coefficient was calculated for lead: stem < petal < root, for cadmium petal < stem < root and for arsenic: petal < stem < root. Rose plant could use as an accumulators of heavy metals in high traffic area.The results of statistical tests show that the significance level for the accumulation in the soil is less than 0.05, so the assumption of the equality of the average in the two control and experimental groups can be rejected, that is, traffic has a significant effect on the accumulation of metals in the soil of plants, considering that the test statistic is positive, so Traffic increases the accumulation of metals in the soil of plants. The significance level for the accumulation in the roots is less than 0.05, so we can reject the assumption of the equality of the averages in the two control and experimental groups, that is, traffic has a significant effect on the accumulation of metals in the roots of plants, considering that the test statistic is positive, so Traffic increases the accumulation of metals in the roots of plants.

With the advancement of agricultural biotechnology, many genetically modified crops have been mass-produced and commercialized to meet the needs of the world's growing population. Following the rapid commercialization of transgenic products each year worldwide, concerns about the biosafety of these products; Potential risks to human health, and environmental concerns have been raised.The global debate over genetically engineered products (transgenic products) has now shifted its focus from whether or not it should be used to safe use. As most transgenic crops are approved for commercial cultivation, there is growing concern about their potential impact and risk to human health, and in particular to the environment. Also, there is an imminentrisk of cross-fertilization, which leads to contamination of normal germplasm and thus the risk of biodiversity disruption.Transgenic crops are one of the noblest inventions of the 21st century through genetic engineering by modifying the genetic structure of crops to enrich them with one or more important economic characteristics such as improving quality traits, increasing herbicide tolerance and stress resistance. Various biological and non-biological have been developed. These products have helped humans to meet the various challenges posed by population growth; but the development of these products may pose a serious threat to the environment.Environmental safety research has introduced potential risks associated with specific transgenic compounds; non-target transgenic streams within and between species and the persistence and consequences of transgenics in unwanted hosts. Resistance management strategies for insect and pesticide-resistant transgenics have also been studied. Also, food biosafety research has focused on the toxicity and allergenicity of transgenic products. Discussing possible innovations or strategies to reduce the effects of technological interventions and developing effective strategies for the conservation and conservation of biological resources is an important goal that this article seeks to challenge.

In the present review article, data collection was using the keywords ecological, transgenic, safety, and risk done with the help of articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct information sources.The articles used are from 1987 to 2022. Out of 114 reviewed articles, 75 articles were deleted and the information of the remaining 39 articles was used in writing this article. Articles that were not related to the purpose of writing the article were removed from further study.

Agriculture is the main and unique source of nutrition in the world, but due to traditional cultivation methods, many environmental issues such as drinking water pollution, soil degradation, erosion and biodiversity reduction can be solved almost by genetic modification. But, every innovation in food production has been associated with a set of potential risks. These range from increased pesticide exposure in conventional agriculture to exposure to more pathogens in organic farming. New genes can havenumerous unexpected effects on the ecology, physiology, and nutritional value of products.In biotechnology risk assessment, potential effects on environmental and human health are considered. The ecological concerns currently being discussed include increased invasion (a problem in agriculture where uncollected seeds germinate from last year's crop and grow in the current crop), intra-species and interspecific hybridization, the possibility of sensitization, and a change in material taste. Dietary quality changes, toxicity, carcinogenicity, decreased immunity, favorable conditions for the growth of emerging bacteria and viruses, and horizontal gene transfer (transfer of genetic material between cells or organisms of unrelated species such as bacteria and viruses and production of new strains Pathogenesis, development of antibiotic-resistant genes, reactivation of inactive pathogenic viruses, damage to non-target organisms, biodiversity loss, and resistance management. Risk management includes strategic techniques to reduce the adverse effects of transgenic and related products on consumers or the environment, as well as to reduce the chances of developing resistance in the target pest population. Several tactics, such as the use of alternative or mixed insecticides, can be used in a variety of ways to effectively minimize the risk of insecticide resistance in insects. These techniques are also useful in preventing the problem of regeneration in insects. Similarly, various techniques have been used to minimize or prevent the risk of herbicide-resistant weeds and weed development. Spinning herbicides or using them in combination effectively reduces the chances of herbicide resistance in weeds. Crop rotation is another technique that can be used to reduce this risk. In fact, in the past, transgenic foods focused on increasing yields and other agricultural properties, which were primarily beneficial to agricultural companies and economically viable. But the new generation of transgenic foods emphasizes the health benefits of the consumer, which is the right policy to promote environmental health.Risk assessment of transgenic crops identifies the adverse effects of transgenic crops or derived products on non-target organisms and/or the environment, which includes several coordinated steps such as risk identification and classification. The first and most important step is to identify the risk, including identifying potential hazards or hazards to the target population or the environment if transgenic and related products are used. This is followed by a general characterization of the risk, ie it’s direct or indirect impact, chronic or acute, immediate or delayed, and so on. Finally, risk classification is performed, which includes the grouping of identified and well-defined risks into different categories. Negative effects of the transgenic crop on health include adverse effects on target and non-target populations, development of resistance or regeneration in the target population of pest/pathogen, transgenic flow in other species, etc.

The main purpose of this study is to introduce the bio-environmental safety aspects of transgenic plants. Modern advances in biotechnology have revolutionized the way of life, especially in meeting nutritional needs, fodder, fiber, and fuel using transgenic products. However, a group of social activists and environmentalists have always opposed the use of transgenic products because of their unprecedented effects on ecosystems and human health. Therefore, a concerted effort should be made to identify credible concerns and risks and to provide reliable and useful information to the public, and scientists should work to resolve ambiguities about transgenic products and foods. Previously, transgenic foods focused on increasing yields and other agricultural properties, which primarily benefited agricultural companies and farmers. The new generation of transgenic foods emphasizes the health benefits of the consumer. It is only with these new products that the general public will accept the use of a genetic modification of foods, and this is where the overlap of nutrition, ecology, and plant biotechnology will become more apparent.

Despite there has been lots of efforts in many countries to reduce hazards, damages, costs and negative effects of various disasters are increasing. Therefore, the way to overcome consequence of this disasters is by having correct plans and utilizing new disaster management dimensions and methods. There are two approaches to properly manage different stages of disaster; which are the modern approach and the developmental approach. The developmental or so-called the community-based approach has been considered recently. In this approach the aim is to empower the individuals in community which will increase adaptability against harmful consequences of hazards; and by involving them in actions which will lead to risk reduction, we can prepare them to prevent, maintain and deal with disasters and return them to a stable situation. The modern approach, which it's organizational structure is hierarchical from top to bottom, the participation of stockholders in society are not considerable.Researches show that this approach fails in preparing and preventing from disasters due to the lack of participatory element and giving disproportionate responses to basic needs of society. At the same time, due to the implementation of unnecessary programs and ignorance of individual opinions in the community, it has led to dissatisfaction with the performance of responsible organizations.The present study is formed in framework of structural hazardology perspective and its purpose is to evaluate the qualities of Ardabil city disaster management with emphasize on the structural approach. The special geographical, climatic, demographic and economic situation of Ardabil city has provided the basis for numerous disasters caused by various environmental hazards in this city. Due to features like centrality of province and it's political and economic importance, this city is categorized as a critical city.

The purpose of this study is practical, and descriptive- analytical in terms of method. This study is based on a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative). First the qualitative and then the qualitative data was collected and analyzed. Finally, both qualitative and quantitative analyses were interpreted. In this study by reviewing research literature and according to the theories of many scientists, the conceptual dimensions of structural approaches of disaster management were identified and presented. Then in order to prepare questioners and obtain proper tools to collect required data, through discussions with Delphi group, 43 components in 11 factors were identified for this research. In order to measure the effect of structural approach factors on the disaster management system of Ardabil city the factors and components extracted in previous stages were set as questionnaires in the forms of Likert scales. The statistical population of this study are officials working in governmental and non-governmental organizations in the field of disaster management in Ardabil. The sample size in this research are 105 people which were determined using Cohen's formula with 95% confidence level and effect size of 0.1. Questionnaires were distributed among officials using purposeful sampling. Filled questionnaires and data were used in smart pls and spss software to get structure modelling analysis. In this study Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (CR) methods were used to assess the validity. Also the standard average variance extracted (AVE) method has been used to evaluate the convergent validity of the research, the results of which show high reliability and validity of research variables. Then in order to compare the statistics of factors affecting Ardabil disaster management system, Friedman test was carried out to evaluate the average rank of research factors.

To analyze the significance of the relationships between research factors and components of the urban crisis management system, second-order confirmatory factor analysis were used. To calculate the reliability of research components (observed variables), factor load tests have been used. The results show that all variables have a factor load higher than the minimum value of 0.7, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the variables. The results of structural equation modeling show that The factors identified for this research, explains the quality of urban disaster management with 0.613. The highest path coefficient of direct path is for management factors (0.733), living conditions (0.538) knowledge and equipment (0.528); and the lowest amount are related to laws and regulations (0.244) and citizen participation (0.302). Also, to evaluate the significance of the relationships between variables (the significance of the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable), value of t-statistic obtained from the output of the model has been used. In the direct path of the factors of management issues: storage, support system and planning (8.925, 6.625, 6.622, respectively) has the highest t-value, and the factors of citizen participation, laws and regulations (3.233, 3.306, respectively) has the lowest t-value assigned to them. In the indirect path, that is caused by the influence of factors on other factors, for example, the amount of t-value of influence of knowledge and equipment on citizen participation is equal to (23,160). Management issues on the living conditions of society (7.520), and laws and regulations on community member's safety is (2.217) and so on. In general, the results show that all factors have a good ability to measure the main structure of this research, which is the quality of urban disaster management system with emphasis on the structural approach. Because the amount of P-value for all factors is less than 0.05, the amount of T-value for all factors is greater than 1.96 and also the value of Beta (path coefficient) for all factors of research is greater than 0.1. The analyses of measurement models quality test show that the measuring tool has a good quality because the 1- SSE / SSO index for latent variable is positive. To evaluate the quality of the structural model, the GOF index has been used which with 0.408, indicates the desirability of this model. In the continuation of the research, Friedman test was carried out with the aim of ranking the factors affecting the quality of disaster management. Since the significance level of the test is less than 0.05; at the 95% confidence level, it can be said that the average rank of research factors and components are not equal. The results show that all factors identified for research have a positive effect on the disaster management system of Ardabil. Based on the analysis, the results indicate that the study of disaster management without considering concepts such as structure and system, cannot lead planners and managers to a true understanding of it. Therefore, in order to enhance the quality of the disaster management system, appropriate structures should be utilized in communities.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the diversity of non-wood products providing species in Arasbaran forests. 36 sample plots (100 m × 50 m (0.5 ha)) were investigated in a systematic random grid of 800 × 800 m. In each sample plot, each stem was identified as a species, and the frequency and diameter at the breast height of all species were included. Species with non-wood products and species without non-wood products were measured. To investigate and compare the biodiversity were used the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity indices, the Margalf richness and Mennick richness indices, and for the uniformity of a species of Pylo and Hill uniformity indices. Biodiversity index values were determined using Past software. Paired t-test was used to investigate the effect of species with non-wood products on species biodiversity. The results showed that species non wood products providing species have a relatively large impact on the biodiversity of plant species in the research area. The species richness index and species diversity decrease in the absence of species with non-wood products and the uniformity index increases. This can be considered as an opportunity to create an alternative strategy for sustainable forest management by participating and allowing the local community to use non-wood resources instead of destructive uses such as wood harvesting or land use change. Incentivizing the use of non-wood products can contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of local communities, which, if realized, can attract their interest for better forest conservation and development. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the diversity of non-wood products providing species in Arasbaran forests. 36 sample plots (100 m × 50 m (0.5 ha)) were investigated in a systematic random grid of 800 × 800 m. In each sample plot, each stem was identified as a species, and the frequency and diameter at the breast height of all species were included. Species with non-wood products and species without non-wood products were measured. To investigate and compare the biodiversity were used the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity indices, the Margalf richness and Mennick richness indices, and for the uniformity of a species of Pylo and Hill uniformity indices. Biodiversity index values were determined using Past software. Paired t-test was used to investigate the effect of species with non-wood products on species biodiversity. The results showed that species non wood products providing species have a relatively large impact on the biodiversity of plant species in the research area. The species richness index and species diversity decrease in the absence of species with non-wood products and the uniformity index increases. This can be considered as an opportunity to create an alternative strategy for sustainable forest management by participating and allowing the local community to use non-wood resources instead of destructive uses such as wood harvesting or land use change. Incentivizing the use of non-wood products can contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of local communities, which, if realized, can attract their interest for better forest conservation and development. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the diversity of non-wood products providing species in Arasbaran forests. 36 sample plots (100 m × 50 m (0.5 ha)) were investigated in a systematic random grid of 800 × 800 m. In each sample plot, each stem was identified as a species, and the frequency and diameter at the breast height of all species were included. Species with non-wood products and species without non-wood products were measured. To investigate and compare the biodiversity were used the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity indices, the Margalf richness and Mennick richness indices, and for the uniformity of a species of Pylo and Hill uniformity indices. Biodiversity index values were determined using Past software. Paired t-test was used to investigate the effect of species with non-wood products on species biodiversity. The results showed that species non wood products providing species have a relatively large impact on the biodiversity of plant species in the research area. The species richness index and species diversity decrease in the absence of species with non-wood products and the uniformity index increases. This can be considered as an opportunity to create an alternative strategy for sustainable forest management by participating and allowing the local community to use non-wood resources instead of destructive uses such as wood harvesting or land use change. Incentivizing the use of non-wood products can contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of local communities, which, if realized, can attract their interest for better forest conservation and development. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the diversity of non-wood products providing species in Arasbaran forests. 36 sample plots (100 m × 50 m (0.5 ha)) were investigated in a systematic random grid of 800 × 800 m. In each sample plot, each stem was identified as a species, and the frequency and diameter at the breast height of all species were included. Species with non-wood products and species without non-wood products were measured. To investigate and compare the biodiversity were used the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity indices, the Margalf richness and Mennick richness indices, and for the uniformity of a species of Pylo and Hill uniformity indices. Biodiversity index values were determined using Past software. Paired t-test was used to investigate the effect of species with non-wood products on species biodiversity. The results showed that species non wood products providing species have a relatively large impact on the biodiversity of plant species in the research area. The species richness index and species diversity decrease in the absence of species with non-wood products and the uniformity index increases. This can be considered as an opportunity to create an alternative strategy for sustainable forest management by participating and allowing the local community to use non-wood resources instead of destructive uses such as wood harvesting or land use change. Incentivizing the use of non-wood products can contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of local communities, which, if realized, can attract their interest for better forest conservation and development. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the diversity of non-wood products providing species in Arasbaran forests. 36 sample plots (100 m × 50 m (0.5 ha)) were investigated in a systematic random grid of 800 × 800 m. In each sample plot, each stem was identified as a species, and the frequency and diameter at the breast height of all species were included. Species with non-wood products and species without non-wood products were measured. To investigate and compare the biodiversity were used the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity indices, the Margalf richness and Mennick richness indices, and for the uniformity of a species of Pylo and Hill uniformity indices. Biodiversity index values were determined using Past software. Paired t-test was used to investigate the effect of species with non-wood products on species biodiversity. The results showed that species non wood products providing species have a relatively large impact on the biodiversity of plant species in the research area. The species richness index and species diversity decrease in the absence of species with non-wood products and the uniformity index increases. This can be considered as an opportunity to create an alternative strategy for sustainable forest management by participating and allowing the local community to use non-wood resources instead of destructive uses such as wood harvesting or land use change. Incentivizing the use of non-wood products can contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of local communities, which, if realized, can attract their interest for better forest conservation and development.

Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning.Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning.Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning.Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning.Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning.Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning.

Spatial inequality can be seen as the unequal distribution of opportunities and social positions in space. The obvious form of which is regional inequality, it has different manifestations in every society. Its visible forms in developing countries are: inequality between cities and villages, inequality between big and small cities, geographical inequality within big cities, inequality between disadvantaged and privileged areas, etc. Various forms of spatial inequality, the inequality between the city and the countryside in developing countries has a special prominence (Chalbi, 2012: 201(.Usually, stratification and social inequality are seen more in urban areas than in rural areas ( ‌‌Chen & Sun, 2006 : 521) If imbalance and inequality at the regional level reflect discrimination or injustice, then regional differences can be considered a threat (Stewart, 2002: 10). Spatial heterogeneity in the form of lack and poverty in the way of living, health care, suitable school, job opportunities, food, transportation, education, suitable housing, security, information and indicators of having piped water services. , gas, electricity, etc( Hall & Ulrich, 2000: 14). The existence of inequality and its various dimensions are important signs of underdevelopment; Because in fact, developed countries are known that in addition to having high economic and social indicators, the distribution of income and facilities in those societies is almost fair, but in underdeveloped countries, both the values of these indicators are low and the distribution It is very unfair (Moslinejad, 2005: 56). The major parts of the pillars of development are services related to the population, communication access, health and hygiene, education, housing and urban parks and green spaces, and the concept of living with these materials is fulfilled; Therefore, the distribution of facilities and services is clarified by comparing different planning indicators in different regions (Shivaei and Zarrabi, 2018: 121). It is very important to pay attention to the development and spatial inequality in Kurdistan province and to prepare appropriate planning and policies in this field in this province; Kurdistan province with abundant natural resources, climate diversity, abundant labor force, the ability to produce various agricultural products specific to the climatic conditions of this province (Amanolapour, 2016: 5), as one of the developing provinces. Niafeth has many differences and contrasts in terms of having different development indicators (Bahrami, 2015: 40). The purpose of the current research is to analyze the spatial distribution of development in the cities of Kurdistan province. In order to achieve the goals of the research, the following questions and assumptions are raised:- Is there a difference between the cities of Kurdistan province in terms of development? Is there a correlation between the distance from the provincial capital and the rate of urbanization with the status of the cities?

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research is ten cities of Kurdistan province, which was used to collect information from the descriptive part of documents and library studies related to the subject and to collect data from the statistical yearbook of Kurdistan province. In order to achieve the desired goals, 60 variables have been selected in five health, educational, cultural-social, infrastructure and educational sectors. The Shannon entropy technique was used to determine the importance coefficient of the indicators and the WASPAS model was used to determine the extent of the Kurdistan province's cities, to check The relationship between the distance from the center of the province and the urbanization rate with the status of the cities has been analyzed using Pearson's correlation test in SPSS and Arc GIS software for drawing maps. 5 indicators and 60 variables have been used for analysis and investigation in this research.

It is very important to pay attention to the development and spatial inequality in Kurdistan province and to prepare appropriate planning and policies in this field in this province; Nevertheless, Kurdistan province with abundant natural resources, climate diversity, abundant labor force, the ability to produce various agricultural products specific to the climatic conditions of this province, as one of the undeveloped provinces in terms of having various indicators. Development has many differences and explanations. The aim of the current research is to analyze the spatial distribution of development in the cities of Kurdistan province. In order to achieve the desired goals, 60 variables have been selected in the health, educational, cultural-social, infrastructure and educational sectors. In order to achieve the desired goals, 60 variables in the health, educational, cultural-social, infrastructure and educational sectors were selected from Shannon's entropy technique in order to determine the importance coefficient of the indicators and in order to determine the extent to which the cities of Kurdistan province have the model. Shannon's entropy technique has been used to determine the coefficient of importance of the indicators, in order to determine the extent to which the cities of Kurdistan province have the WASPAS model, and to examine the relationship between the distance from the center and the urbanization rate and the status of the cities, Pearson's correlation test has been used. Determining the degree of relative importance of each of the research variables using the Shannon entropy method indicates that the number of employees of active agricultural cooperatives covered by the General Administration of Labor and Social Welfare has the highest weight and the variables of the number of government printing houses and the number of urban post offices have had the least weight among the selected variables. In response to a question, is there a difference between the cities of Kurdistan province in terms of development?‌According to the results of the WASPAS model, the cities of Bijar, Sarvabad, Sanandaj, Kamiyaran, Divandre, Qorveh, Saqez are in the first to seventh and semi-rich ranks respectively, and the three cities of Dehgolan, Marivan, Bane are in the eighth to tenth ranks. And they are deprived.Also, in response to the question, is there a correlation between the distance from the center of the province and the rate of urbanization with the status of the cities?According to the results, it was found that there is no significant correlation between the urbanization rate and the distance from the center with the status of the cities. This results show that there are no rich and relatively rich cities, 0.70% of the cities are semi-rich and 0.30% of the cities are deprived. Other research also shows that inequality is a phenomenon that other provinces and cities are involved with, so that the findings of Zarrabi and Mousavi Noor 2015 Spatial analysis and evaluation of the development indicators of the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces using factor analysis system and cluster technique. Savari et al 2016 measuring and evaluating the levels of spatial deprivation of development infrastructures in Khuzestan, Sadeghi and Zanjariyah provinces 2017 Spatial pattern of development inequality in the 22 regions of Tehran and Karimzadeh and Karimzadeh 2021 Measuring the degree of development and educational deprivation of the cities The provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan are aligned, which show that there is disparity between different regions in terms of indicators. At the end, some solutions are presented to improve the situation of the cities:In the first stage, disadvantaged cities (Bane, Marivan and Dehgolan) should be prioritized for spatial development, paying attention to more important variables in the direction of depriving the regions, fair distribution of services and development opportunities in the cities, expansion of facilities. Proportionate to population density, increasing access to healthcare services.

In the world we live in, the tourism industry has undoubtedly become one of the strong foundations of the global system. The rapid and continuous growth of the tourism industry has influenced Iran as well, which can pave the way for the development and expansion of this industry due to the tourist attractions in our country. On the other hand, in the whole world, due to the existence of basic problems such as excessive consumption of energy and its high economic costs, the use of renewable energy from the sun in order to reduce energy consumption has become very important. In this regard, using methods such as photovoltaic panels can greatly help in reducing energy consumption and reducing the harmful environmental effects of buildings. The importance of the number of suitable accommodation centers in the country made the design of a five-star hotel with an environmental protection approach by using solar energy to be considered. In this regard, it has been tried to use quantitative and qualitative method in the software, analytical and descriptive part in collecting information and case examples and by using modeling in software as well as choosing a suitable site in Lavasan with the aim of providing a part of the building needs that It has reached 42% of its electricity production.

This study was carried out to investigate the concentration of heavy metals of Ni, Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Cr in municipal sewage discharge, urban wastewater and industrial effluent are pumped to the Tembi River. Sampling carried from 10 water and wastewater and 10 sediments. The results of ICP-MMS analysis showed the mean concentration (in ppm) for water sample for As 1/23, Zn 17/71, Cr 0/8, Ni 1.11, Cd 0.09, Pb 6/35, Fe 132/50 and mean concentration of heavy metals in sediment sample for As 0.91, Zn 23/96, Cr 91/50, Ni 56/10, Cd 0/16, Pb 10/40, Fe 14950. Based on the results obtained from the index of enrichment factor, Ni and Cr concentration showed the medium to high pollution level. Based on the molar accumulation land index, Ni and Zn concentration were in the range of moderate to high levels of pollution, and is highly contaminated in all areas with high Fe concentrations. Based on the pollution load factor sediment, It is contaminated with Ni, Cd, Fe and Cr. Based on contamination coefficient at point SA-02 the concentration of Pb and Zn in the sediment is high and As is also contaminated in site C and Ni, Cd, Fe and Cr concentration is high and the sediment is contaminated but there is no heavy metal contamination elsewhere. Tembi River receives untreated municipal and industrial wastewater. According to the results obtained, the Tembi River is in a danger and unsafe area for fishing and swimming purposes.

Wetlands are unique aquatic ecosystems that have rich biodiversity and provide valuable ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water filtering, and sediment trapping. They are also considered as shelters for a wide range of animal species, especially migratory birds. Today, human interventions, including excessive exploitation of underground water in order to supply drinking, agricultural and industrial water and the introduction of human pollution (such as sewage and urban and industrial waste) along with natural processes such as drought, these ecosystems threatens.which has led to changing the hydrology of the wetland, reducing the quality of soil and water, changing the vegetation, animal and microbial communities of the bottom of the bed, and disrupting the function and ecosystem services of the wetlands. On the other hand, the focus on the management and protection of dry wetlands is less than that of temperate wetlands mainly due to their ecological, edaphic and hydrogeological characteristics. The complex characteristics of these wetlands have caused small changes in their hydrological regime to lead to major changes in groundwater, soil characteristics, vegetation, etc.The Ramsar Convention is the most important international initiative for the protection of wetlands. According to the classification of the Ramsar Convention, the Keji Namakzar Wetland of Nehbandan is included in the Mandabi wetlands. Successful protection of wetlands relies on the investment of local and regional governments as well as international cooperation. The lack of awareness of the values of wetlands and the subsequent low priority in the decision-making process has led to destruction and unknown social costs. Kaji Namakzar Nahbandan wetland is a water spot in the heart of the desert with an area of more than 20 square kilometers, located in the Kaji Namakzar Nahbandan Wildlife Sanctuary in South Khorasan province and Nehbandan city. This wetland area is the only national wetland of the province, and in fact, it is a vast salt marsh, which, due to its low elevation compared to the surrounding areas, collects surface water like a flowing sponge, and due to the high salinity of its soil, it becomes a lake covered with salt and turned white. The purpose of this study is to develop a multi-scenario framework for integrated ecological management of Kaji wetland and provide guidelines and policies related to wetland protection, controlling and reducing harmful effects and responding to the needs of local communities, which are mostly 1. Knowing of wetland ecosystem, 2. Analysis of stakeholders, 3. Knowing the values and services of the wetland ecosystem, 4. Recognizing threats and problems, 5. Formulating vision and strategic goals, 6. Presentation of management measures (executive), and finally 7. The monitoring program is presented in three sections: biodiversity, hydrological and stabilization of wetland lands.

Considering that the ecological management approach is a collaborative project, this research consists of different parts of field surveys, collaborative workshops, library studies and specialized analyses. First, the wetland ecosystem was fully identified with field surveys and existing studies. The method used in order to manage the ecosystem of Kaji Namakzar Nahbandan wetland is the cascade system of strategic planning. This approach seeks to create a completely logical connection from whole to component and hierarchy between the main components of strategic planning and operational and executive planning. The waterfall approach is a linear model, which starts with the identification of the beneficiaries of a project and their needs, and at each stage, it uses the output of the previous stage as an input for the new stage and falls like a waterfall.This management plan has been prepared based on the results of educational and advisory workshops and with the participation of representatives of major relevant local and provincial groups. After carrying out the basic biological studies of the region and mutual recognition of the collaborative part of the study, three working groups for biodiversity, hydrological and land stabilization management were determined as working groups based on the type of activities. 4 evaluation meetings were organized in the future stages and the activities of all working groups were reviewed and revised. Finally, the management plan for the Kaji wetland ecosystem in two short-term and long-term periods is formulated based on the hierarchical cascade approach, and finally, executive measures to deal with serious threats and urgent needs in the short-term and operational plans in the long-term are put on the agenda of the stakeholders.

According to the mentioned cases, it should be noted that wetlands should be managed according to ecosystems and communities that are closely related to each other. First, all the beneficiaries of the wetland should be identified and detailed operational plans should be selected according to these beneficiaries and the ecosystems around the wetland. There are mainly residential and agricultural areas near the Kaji Namakzar wetland of Nehbandan. Therefore, management plans should be developed based on this relationship, and executive measures should be implemented in an integrated manner, taking into account all the wetland's stakeholders. The integrated management plan of Nahbandan's Kaji Namakzar wetland is important not only for the region but also for South Khorasan province and is a pioneer in the field of ecological management. On the other hand, Kaji wetland is a very important ecosystem due to its regional and local use and global advantages such as the wintering place of migratory birds and feeding of some endangered species. Therefore, it is very important to protect it. In this research, the integrated management plan of Kaji Wetland was investigated in the two axes of biodiversity and water and soil. The most important goals investigated in this research are: protection of wetland water resources and their optimal and sustainable use, compromise with the dry climate including increasing water infiltration and reducing evaporation in the wetland area, protecting and preventing soil erosion and maintaining its fertility, determining and improving land use in the region, reducing dust production, improving the water quality of the wetland, reducing water and soil pollution, protecting and restoring biodiversity and habitat, and physical protection of the wetland. The results showed that an integrated bio-ecological approach to protect the Kaji wetland and the interests of all stakeholders is inevitable and should be implemented as soon as possible.

‌‌Today, livability has been proposed as one of the appropriate solutions to achieve urban development and ultimately a basis for achieving sustainability. One of the topics that urban livability can affect is urban tourism. Ardabil, as a study sample of this research, is one of the cities with high tourism potential. For this reason, the main goal of this research is to measure the livability and sustainable tourism of Ardabil city and the relationship between them. In this regard, this research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The required data was collected by means of a researcher's questionnaire tool and through 385 citizens and 100 tourists. For data analysis, one-sample T, independent T, and Pearson correlation tests were used in SPSS software. The findings of the research have shown that the livability of Ardabil city and its tourism are average. In terms of dimensions, the economic dimension is in a worse condition than the social, physical and environmental dimensions, and that there is a meaningful, consistent and strong relationship between livability and sustainable tourism, that is, with the development and improvement of the condition of the component. With sustainable tourism, the city of Ardabil will become more sustainable and vice versa.

Following the increase in the population of cities and the development of urban life, cities have always faced all kinds of physical, social, economic, and environmental problems. In today's era, solving these problems has become the most important challenge for urban planners. In this regard, planning with the approach of urban livability can create the necessary capacities to deal with these problems. The necessity and importance of addressing urban livability in relation to the new tasks of planning in responding to the needs of society after industrialization. The search for facilities and the quality of urban life has become extremely important today. Therefore, creating a livable city is a big and complex undertaking, and urban planners must support urban residents in terms of livability indicators.

The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. To do it, first, exploratory studies were conducted in the form of a document library, and then, the major part of the research was a survey, which was done by completing a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research consists of the citizens of Region 3 of Ardabil city (100,504 people), of which 382 people were estimated as a sample based on Cochran's formula. Since the simple stratified random sampling method was used, 30 questionnaires were distributed and completed for each neighborhood and a total of 480. Calculating the reliability of the questions first with a pre-test, the questionnaire was implemented on a sample of 30 people, and then the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method and the overall coefficient was 0.795, which shows the high level of reliability of the questionnaire. In order to determine the livability of the areas of Ardabil region 3 in terms of the environmental dimension, 4 indicators (visual quality, green space quality, pollution, cleaning and waste) and 30 items have been used. Finally, SAW multi-criteria decision making model was used for analysis and Shannon's entropy method was used to obtain the index weights.Multi-criteria decision making model:The multi-criteria decision model is one of the multi-criteria evaluation methods that has many applications in various fields. Decision-making is one of the most important tasks of management, and one of the reasons for the success of some people and organizations is making appropriate decisions; Therefore, the need for scientific methods that help people in this is quite "realistic". This has led researchers to pay attention to "multi-criteria models" for complex decision-making in recent decades.Decision-making models Multi-criteria (MCDM), sometimes called multi-objective decision models and multi-criteria analysis models, is actually a set of methods that allow decision makers to consider a set of criteria. (which are often contradictory) are to select, rank, order or describe a set of alternatives in the decision making process.
SAW

In this method, which is also known as the weighted linear combination method, after de-scaling the decision matrix, using the weight coefficients of the criteria, the de-scaled decision matrix is obtained and according to this matrix, the score of each option is calculated. will be Below are the calculation steps of the SAW model First step: Forming the decision matrix Second step: Descale the decision matrix In this step, criteria with different dimensions are tried to be converted into dimensionless criteria, and the matrix R is defined as follows:To descale the positive and negative criteria, the following relationships are used:The third step: determining the weight vector of the criteria At this stage, according to the importance coefficients of different criteria in decision-making, the weight vector of the criteria is defined as follows:Fourth step: choosing the best option At this stage, the best option is obtained from the following relationship:

Following the increase in the population of cities and the development of urban life, cities have always faced all kinds of physical, social, economic, and environmental problems, and solving these problems is the most important challenge facing urban planners and managers. Considering that the atmosphere of a city is formed within the neighborhood and continues based on it, therefore the development of the neighborhood is considered as one of the most important factors to achieve sustainable development. Considering that urban livability can be considered as an effective step towards sustainable development and considering that it is not possible to manage and improve the condition of neighborhoods in a region at the same time. On this basis, a comparative comparison based on different models of decision-making among all localities can help the performance and better decision-making of urban planners to improve the quality of life and well-being of citizens in accordance with the priority of intervention at the level of these localities and in different planning periods. It's worth it. Therefore, in this research, the livability of the neighborhoods of the three cities of Ardabil was measured from the environmental perspective; And following this goal, which localities in Region 3 of Ardabil city are in a better condition than others; The surveyed localities were prioritized using the SAW model.By ranking, you can find out the status of localities, which means that by comparative comparison, you can find out which category of localities are in good condition and which category is in unfavorable condition, so that the necessary measures can be taken in this case. Therefore, in this research, the aim is to measure and rank the livability of the areas of the 3rd district of Ardabil city in terms of the environmental dimension. Based on this, using the SAW model, the study areas have been prioritized. It is a favorable situation. Hafez town with a score of (0.727) has the best condition and the first place among the studied localities, followed by Rizvan towns with a score of (0.694), Azadi (0.681), Azadegan (0.678), In the second to fourth place, they are in a favorable situation, and Malabashi and Melayoussef neighborhoods are in the most unfavorable situation and in the last place, with scores of (0.275) and (0.265), respectively, and Imam Reza (a.s.) and Janbazan settlements with equal scores ( 0.682) have been placed in the same rank. In general, the opinions of the citizens are in accordance with the condition of the localities observed in the field survey and do not differ much from the existing conditions. It should be mentioned that Hafez, Rizvan, Azadi and Azadegan settlements are in a favorable situation based on the findings of the questionnaire, because they are part of the prosperous and well-off urban classes, while Melayoussef and Malabashi are informal settlement areas. They have an unfavorable situation in all the studied indicators and live in unfavorable conditions. According to the findings of the research, the total average livability of area 3 of Ardabil city is equal to 3.24 and more than the average of 3.

The discussion of saving energy and rationalizing its use in buildings is one of the most important issues of the modern era. And with a little look at the ruling life in the past and traditional architectural techniques, we find that the foundations on which itis built depend on the good use of different natural energies by finding architectural solutions to save energy.Today, Syria is going through a major energy crisis after a war that has lasted more than ten years, in which huge vital facilities have been destroyed and the ability to invest in oil and natural gas energy to generate the energy needed to sustain life from gone And due to the lack of electricity produced, it is considered necessary to find alternative solutions for energy supply. And assuming that architects are responsible for the consumption patterns in the design of their buildings, then it is necessary to rethink the designs that are created after the war to reduce energy consumption as much as possible.It is estimated that residential and commercial buildings consume about 40% of the world's total energy. If construction consumption and construction processes are added to this ratio, the share of buildings in energy consumption increases to about 50%. And these buildings are responsible for 45% of the total carbon emissions. And because buildings are one of the biggest sources of energy loss; it is necessary to control and regulate the conditions of the living environment inside the building.Therefore, the current research with the objective of traditional residential architecture and its vocabulary in the old city of Homs, which is built in such a way that it meets human needs and maintains the rationalization of energy consumption. Therefore, the question raised by the research is: How can the architectural vocabulary of historical residential buildings of the city be used in the reconstruction of contemporary architectural buildings?

This research has a theoretical approach based on the goal it pursues. The research method is descriptive-analytical; and the required information has been collected through document studies, library sources, written sources and maps. And the identification and analysis of the residential buildings of Homs city has been done through field visits and analytical observation of the buildings of the investigated city. In addition, in-depth interviews with the residents of the old neighborhoods to know the hidden dimensions of the local elements in the houses, and of course interviews with the knowledgeable and old-timers (the original residents of the neighborhood over 68 years old) who have historical memory and knowledge of the historical developments of the neighborhood. Then the data analysis was done based on the content analysis method.The sample studied is the houses of the old city of Homs. The old city of Homs has historical and traditional buildings from the Mamluk and Ottoman eras and has remained with minimal changes. And contemporary buildings that have been built since the French colonial period and independence until today.

After examining the characteristics of the native housing architecture of the city of Homs as an environmental architecture, in this part of the research, the positive and negative points of these elements are identified and alternative solutions for the negative ones are sought to reach the vocabulary that is used in residential buildings today. New ones are built to be usable in the city of Homs after the war to save energy.As you can see in the picture above, unlike the new areas of Homs, the compact plan of the old city and the shape of the streets, in addition to the existence of some existing buildings that are still in good condition, is one of the architectural strengths of the old city. . And the important point that is brought up is that this situation should not be harmed in new construction works and new buildings should be adapted based on the general shape of the old city.But regarding the features of residential buildings that can be used in new buildings today, a few points can be mentioned in this case:The extension of contemporary buildings is towards east-west to reduce the amount of solar radiation and air penetration from the west, and the roof of the last floor of the building is built in the form of a gable.And today, with the impossibility of building houses that have an internal courtyard, we can replace the courtyard with a balcony, provided that it has certain characteristics to provide the required shade. You can create cooling by using shadows.As for the walls, and given that today it is difficult to build with stone in the traditional way, contemporary methods and modern building materials are likely to be used, taking into account that the outer layer of the wall is rubbed with stone to its overall proportions. The shape of the buildings and in order to reduce the heat transfer, it is recommended to use the air space inside the walls Today, the city of Homs is suffering from a crisis of energy shortage due to the long war, and of course, this is due to the direct dependence on non-renewable energy sources, as well as the difficulty of supplying them due to the high cost of production. Therefore, as a solution to the problem of lack of energy, architects today see an opportunity through post-war reconstruction, creating buildings with low energy and relying on natural energy to create a suitable space and try to reduce heat loss. The main goal of this research is to provide solutions for reusing the vocabulary of native architecture in accordance with the modern era, so that it can benefit the new buildings that are built in the city after the war. As you can see in the results, the most important elements that should be present in new buildings suitable for the climate of Homs city are: controlling air resistance and obtaining the maximum amount of air flow, in addition to providing less heat and creating shade as much as possible. . Also, the use of external walls made of materials with high thermal resistance should be considered, the higher the thermal resistance, the less heat transfer to the architectural space.

Climatic zoning and knowledge of effective climatic factors and elements can be very effective in determining climatic potentials. The purpose of this research is to pay attention to this principle in order to know the environmental capabilities and limitations and to deal with natural disasters. In this regard, the climatic zoning of Ardabil province was discussed using modern methods. First, for 11 synoptic stations of this province, 22 important meteorological parameters for the 12-year statistical period (2009-2021) were received from the General Meteorological Department. In the next step, the annual average of these variables was obtained for each station, and since their measurement scale was different, they were standardized in the Spss software environment. Then, in the same software, factor analysis was performed on these data and the output results were 5 main factors, which are: the first thermal factor with 31.89% variance, the second pressure-steam factor with 21.08% variance, the third moisture factor with 18.61 variance, the fourth precipitation factor with 14.05 percent variance and the fifth wind-radiation factor with 7.48 percent variance, which in total explained 93.12 percent of the climatic behavior of the region. In the next step, according to the output of the 5 factors, three similar climatic regions were distinguished from each other using Ward's hierarchical cluster analysis method. Also, to show the scope of activity of each of these factors, climate zoning was done in Gis software environment and using Idw interpolation method. According to the final map obtained, most of these factors were concentrated in the cities of Parsabad, Beilesawar, Nemin, Serain and Givi. According to Dumarten's climate classification, it was also recognized that the climate of Ardabil province is part of the semi-arid climate.

According to the United Nations definition in 1986, food security is defined as the access of all people to adequate food at all times to maintain a healthy body(FAO Stat 2014). According to this definition, food availability, access to food and sustainability in food intake are the three main pillars(Argent 2019). Food safety and food safety are now addressed in development documents and used by officials. Food security is the access of all members of a society to adequate and healthy food for a healthy and active life at all stages of life, and household income is an important factor in ensuring food security in a social system(HLPE 2013; Development 1995). In recent years, unsustainable agricultural system has led to instability in production and.

Metro is considered the most popular method of passenger transportation in many metropolises of the world due to its high capacity of passenger transportation and good safety. So far, many studies have been conducted on particulate matter pollution in closed environments, but few studies have been conducted to measure air pollution in Tehran metro. In this study, the concentration of particulate matter less than 2.5 μg/m3 in diameter) PM2.5(was measured in the main metro line of Tehran in winter. For a sampling of suspended particles, a portable direct reading device for suspended particles (HAZDUST EPMA5000) was used. To analyze the data, the Analysis of variance) ANOVA (test was used to compare the particle concentrations in different locations of the station and a T-test was used to compare the PM2.5 particle concentrations in the ground level and underground Metro stations. the concentration of PM2.5 particles in the platforms, ticket halls, and outside the stations was significantly different (P <0.001). There was a significant difference between the concentration of PM2.5 particles in the stations and the daily ticket hall with the underground (P <0.018). the average concentration of airborne particles PM2.5 at the stations was 45 μg/m3 that more than the Standard limit and the average concentration of PM2.5 particles on platforms and ticket sales halls in underground stations is more than on the ground stations.According to the research results, the use of warm ventilation system in winter with a suitable filter is recommended.

Groundwater resources are one of the primary sources of water supply. In recent years, the natural balance between fresh, and saline water due to over-exploitation has deteriorated and groundwater levels (GWLs) in parts of the world aquifers have turned negative. Today, mathematical and unique models used to predict and evaluate groundwater levels. In this study, two separate artificial feed-forward neural networks (ANN) employing backpropagation algorithms have been developed using two sets of groundwater level (GWL) data, to simulate groundwater level fluctuations. The recorded daily GWL data from 1992 to 2014, to be fed as training input to the ANN models. The model inputs are the number of months and the number of years (a logarithmic expression), and monthly GWLs are the model's outputs. Two of the selected models were trained with data from 4/1992 to 12/2012, and then data from 1/2013 to 9/2014 were used for the verification process. The model’s mean absolute errors were calculated as 0.51 and 0.66 (ft.), respectively and the prediction rate R for both models was calculated as 0.95. A significant advantage of the current study is its capability to predict the GWL, independent of parameters such as temperature or precipitation rate.KeywordsGroundwater Level; Modeling; Artificial Neural Network; Yolo County; Simulation

Empowerment of neighborhoods requires the participation of all neighborhood citizens to achieve control and influence on the factors that determine the quality of life in that neighborhood, which is one of the essential goals in the sustainable development of communities. The present study investigates and analyzes the facilitation and participation approach in empowering informal settlements in Ardabil using survey and questionnaire techniques. The statistical population of the present study consists of all residents of the thirteen neighborhoods of Ardabil. This population includes districts 3 and 4 of the municipality, and according to the 2016 population and housing census, the neighborhood population is 84,732. Based on Cochran sampling, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample, and with a combination of multi-stage and quota cluster sampling, samples were determined. Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression tests were used to test the research hypotheses. The results show a significant relationship between the dimensions of local community capital (formal and informal communication networks of neighborhoods, cooperation, trust, participation) and the empowerment of informal settlements socially, economically, physically, and environmentally. Regression analysis showed that 64% of changes in local community capital in empowering informal settlements in Ardabil could be explained and predicted. Finally, the regression analysis showed that the beta variable of local community capital is 0.34, and the beta value of formal and informal communication networks is 0.26. Also, the beta value of cooperation is 0.29, which shows that the variable of local community capital is that Its dimensions of cooperation have the most significant share in the changes of empowerment of informal settlements in Ardabil.